紫菜的生殖与生活史研究进展

紫菜（Porphyra sp．）是目前世界上人工养殖海藻中经济价值较高的种类。紫菜通过不同的生殖方式来完成生活史，从而达到繁衍后代的目的。紫菜的生殖主要有无性生殖和有性生殖，单性生殖是一种特殊的有性生殖。紫菜生殖方式的多样性决定了生活史的多样性，这是进化过程中对不同环境做出的不同反应。紫菜的生殖和生活史受基因控制属遗传基础研究，它对紫菜的育种应用起着重要的指导作用。本文对紫菜生殖和生活史的研究状况以及研究中存在的问题进行评述，旨为紫菜的育种的研究和应用提供理论参考。     

坛紫菜丝氨酸羟甲基转移酶基因的克隆及表达特征

丝氨酸羟甲基转移酶(SHMT)在植物应答逆境胁迫中发挥着重要作用。本研究以坛紫菜(Pyropia haitanensis)为研究材料,采用普通PCR技术克隆得到2条坛紫菜的SHMT全长基因序列,分别命名为PhSHMT-1(GenBank收录号:MF687405)和PhSHMT-2(GenBank收录号:MF687406)。其中,PhSHMT-1序列全长1710 bp,包含一个1491 bp的开放阅读框,所编码的多肽包含497个氨基酸,分子量为121.443 kDa,等电点为4.93;PhSHMT-2序列全长1957 bp,包含一个1395 bp的开放阅读框,所编码的多肽包含465个氨基酸,分子量为113.969 k Da,等电点为4.95。多序列比对和系统进化树分析结果确认PhSHMT-1和PhSHMT-2基因属于SHMT基因家族。qRT-PCR定量分析结果表明,高温胁迫条件下,2条PhSHMT基因的表达模式基本一致,均表现为先上调后下调再上调的趋势,这说明SHMT基因可能在坛紫菜应答高温胁迫过程中发挥作用。     

温度和营养盐对条斑紫菜体细胞生长发育的影响

文章研究了温度(15℃、20℃、23℃)和营养盐浓度(0mg/L、25mg/L、50mg/L、100mg/L)对条斑紫菜体细胞生长发育的影响,结果表明,条斑紫菜体细胞在温度20℃,营养盐浓度50mg/L时生长的最好。     

紫菜低聚糖的制备技术研究

通过正交试验确定紫菜酸解的最佳条件为盐酸浓度0 05mol/L,水解时间120min,底物浓度3%,温度80℃,在此条件下低聚糖的提取率为11 30%。     

条斑紫菜HSP90基因的克隆与表达分析

为了研究HSP90在条斑紫菜胁迫耐受中的作用,克隆了条斑紫菜HSP90基因(命名为PyHSP90),采用定量RT-PCR研究了其表达规律。PyHSP90基因包含一个长2274nt的完整开放阅读框,编码757个氨基酸。PyHSP90蛋白定位于细胞质中,具有HSP90蛋白家族的特征序列和保守结构域,与多种生物的HSP90具有较高的序列一致性。在进化树上条斑紫菜等红藻的HSP90与隐藻的亲缘关系最近,与绿藻和陆生植物亲缘关系较远。低温和高温胁迫都能显著性地诱导条斑紫菜叶状体PyHSP90基因的表达,而且表达量与胁迫程度成正相关;低盐胁迫下PyHSP90基因表达上调;而失水胁迫下PyHSP90基因表达下调。     

紫菜种内原生质体的融合和融合体再生

利用酶解法分离出野生型叶状体和红色突变体的坛紫菜原生质体以及条斑紫菜野生型叶状体的原生质体，再用聚乙二醇（PEG）法进行种内原生质体融合，当加入原生质体液内的PEG被稀释除去百，原生质体发生融合并形成许多杂合体，种内原生质体融合率坛紫菜为9.7%-12.4%，条斑紫菜为10%-11.5%。PEG分子量在1540-6000之间，随着分子量的提高，原生质体融合率增高，原生质体融合体被挑出来进行单个培养，经过30天培养坛紫菜的一个杂合体（含一个红色原生质体和一个进驻生型原生质体）再生成一个呈红色和野生色的相嵌叶状体，鸸 个含两个红色原生质体的融合体再生成一个在基部和头部均长假根的叶状体，但来自这个再生体的原生质体只长成具有一个假根的叶状体，从原生质体融保体的再生体以及它们无性繁殖体的结果来看，坛紫菜的种内原生质体融合体可能只发生了细胞质融合，而真正的核融合并没有发生，培养15-20天，条斑紫菜的原生质体融合体先再生成细胞团，然后由细胞团释放出许胞子并萌发成正常野生型叶状体。     

A partial substitution of microalgae with single cell detritus produced from seaweed (Porphyra haitanensis) for the nursery culture of tropical oyster (Crassostrea belcheri)

Oyster seed production in hatchery and nursery systems has relied on the production of microalgae, which is cost effective, but often unpredictable. The development of a satisfactory substitute diet would greatly reduce production costs of hatchery operations. Single cell detritus (SCD) production from seaweed (Porphyra haitanensis) may have great potential as a partial substitute for microalgae. In this experiment, a technique for producing SCD was developed and the product was used as a partial substitute for microalgae for the nursery culture of juvenile tropical oysters (Crassostrea belcheri) in a hatchery setting. A reverse osmosis technique was used on ground seaweed (particle size <200 μm) immersed in freshwater and placed on a shaker at 100 rpm for 2 h before being returned to seawater. This technique was shown to be highly effective for SCD production with a density of 33.7 ± 7.0 × 10⁴ cell mL^?1 and the percentage of SCD particle diameter <20 μm was 89.2%. A partial replacement of microalgae with SCD was found to be unsuitable for nursing oyster larvae. For juvenile oysters (shell width 1.85 ± 0.03 mm and shell length 1.78 ± 0.06 mm) substituting 75% of microalgae with SCD showed lower absolute shell growth, and lower daily yields and survival rates when compared to rates substituting 50% or lower substitution with SCD, or 100% microalgae (P < 0.05). It was found that substituting 50% of the traditional microalgae with SCD produced from seaweed (P. haitanensis) can be used as a partial microalgae substitute for the nursery culture of the juvenile tropical oyster.     

海水围塘生态栽培坛紫菜

紫菜（Porphym sp）原是生长在潮间带的岩礁上,尤其是在风浪大、潮流畅通的海区生长良好。经过多年的人工栽培,紫菜已适应于在潮间带和浅海的养殖筏架的栽培。坛紫菜（Porphyra haitanensis）作为浙江、福建海区常见的栽培藻类和重要的食用经济海藻,有近40年栽培的历史。但潮间带可以用作栽培坛紫菜的空间越来越小,必须开拓新的栽培空间。在围塘栽培紫菜则是一种新开拓的栽培方法。     

营养盐可得性对坛紫菜氮磷吸收、生长及藻红蛋白含量的影响

实验室条件下,研究了N、P浓度、不同化合态N及N∶P比值对坛紫菜(Porphyra haitanensis)N、P吸收速率,以及P浓度对坛紫菜生长速率和藻红蛋白含量的影响。结果表明,随着营养盐浓度的升高,坛紫菜对N、P的吸收速率也随之增高,当无机氮浓度达到100μmol/L时,坛紫菜对N、P的吸收速率趋向接近最大值;当NO3--N∶NH4+-N比值为1∶5时,坛紫菜对N的吸收达到最大值;坛紫菜对P的吸收速率随NO3--N∶NH4+-N比值的减小而略有增大;坛紫菜对N的吸收速率随着N∶P比值的增大而增大,而对P的吸收速率随着N∶P比值的增大而减小;在磷浓度低于12μmol/L的情况下,坛紫菜的生长速率和藻红蛋白含量随着P浓度的升高而增加,高于12μmol/L时,则不再增加。     

Growth performance of weaning red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) fed with Macrocystis pyrifera plantlets and Porphyra columbina compared with a formulated diet

A feeding experiment was carried out to evaluate two natural diets versus a formulated feed on the performance of weaning red abalone Haliotis rufescens . Four treatment diets were then investigated: a formulated diet; plantlets from culture Macrocystis pyrifera, Porphyra columbina from natural beds; and a mixed diet consisting of a blend of fresh P. columbina together with the formulated diet. This study was performed in a shallow aquaculture system with a horizontal water flow. After 90 days, significant differences were observed between treatments. The highest growth was obtained with Porphyra (3.3 mm month⁻¹), followed by the mixed diet (2.6 mm month⁻¹), then Macrocystis (2.1 mm month⁻¹) and lastly the formulated diet (1.4 mm month⁻¹). Moreover, after the diets were tested for stability and remnant nutrients after a 12-h water immersion, a positive trend appeared to be related to the protein/energy (P:E). It is concluded that fronds of P. columbina resulted in the best diet for weaning H. rufescens under horizontal water flow systems, even if apparently the water stability of the formulated diet had a negative impact on abalone performance, particularly due to a poor nutrient retention capacity. Therefore, formulated diets should be improved before being recommended for weaning red abalone.