甲胺磷的稻田流失初探

本文研究了甲胺磷在水稻田中的流失情况。试验结果表明：在水稻田中甲胺磷的径流和渗漏流失总量约占施入量的１２％；渗漏流失甲胺磷大于氰戊菊酯。建议稻田中少用甲胺磷高毒农药，以减少对地下水的污染。     

不同改良剂对铅污染砖红壤的修复效果

在未污染的花岗岩砖红壤中加入重金属Pb,平衡两周后在污染土壤上施用不同水平的钙镁磷肥、牛粪、钙镁磷肥 牛粪等改良剂,以小白菜作为指示作物,根据小白菜生长动态变化和收获后生物量、Pb吸收量、土壤pH、土壤中有效Pb含量等理化性质的差异,来评价各种改良剂对Pb污染砖红壤的改良效果,以便为海南花岗岩砖红壤Pb污染修复提供理论依据。实验结果表明:各改良剂对Pb污染土壤都有一定的修复效果,不同程度的减轻了小白菜的毒害症状,其中钙镁磷肥与牛粪配施处理效果最好,该处理的小白菜不仅生物量高,而且Pb含量较低;其次是钙镁磷肥处理,而改良效果最差的是牛粪,其植株叶片不仅稍有黄化症状,且Pb含量较高。     

Ammonia abatement strategies in livestock production: A case study of a poultry installation

This study uses a linear programming approach to compare the potential effectiveness of uniform rules (under the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive) and a landscape-scale (a scale that includes different land-uses) based policy for reducing ammonia (NH₃) emissions and their related impacts from an operating case-study poultry installation. The model incorporates a variety of potential NH₃ abatement techniques. It also incorporates the first application of a spatial model of the diffusion of environmental impacts from NH₃ emissions. This models N deposition at a nearby nature reserve.     

基于运行循环的车辆污染物控制与节能技术

通过对欧洲和美国车辆排放标准的试验循环分析，探讨了车辆燃油经济性和排放性能与发动机性能、标准试验循环之间的关系。提出了一些基于试验循环的车辆节能和改善排放性能的途径。并重点讨论了试验循环初期（发动机冷起动阶段）排放污染物控制的技术，结合实际车辆进行了分析和计算。     

Characterization of the forest humus microbial community in a heavy metal polluted area

Various parameters of the soil microbial community may be used in soil quality evaluation and environmental risk assessment. The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of different environmental factors on the characteristics of forest humus microbial communities, and to test which environmental factors most affect the gross microbial indices and physiological profiles of these communities. Samples were taken at 71 plots located in a heavily polluted area of the Krakowsko-Cze¸stochowska upland in southern Poland. The samples were analyzed for pH in KCl (pH_KCl), organic C (C_org), total N (N_t) and S (S_t), and for total and soluble Zn, Pb and Cd concentrations. The considered microbial parameters included basal respiration (BAS), microbial biomass (C_mic), C_mic-to-C_org ratio, and community-level physiological profiles (CLPPs) studied using BIOLOG^® Ecoplates. Multiple regression analysis was used to estimate the effects of humus properties on the microbial parameters. It indicated that S_t and C_org-to-N_t ratio were the most important factors positively affecting C_mic (β=0.15 and 0.11, respectively) and BAS (β=0.13 and 0.08, respectively). The C_mic-to-C_org ratio was related positively to S_t (β=0.12) but negatively to N_t (β=−0.08). The effects of pH_KCl and heavy metals on the gross microbial indices were significant but less important. The most important effect on microbial activity on BIOLOG^® plates and CLPPs was from pH_KCl. The other significant variables included S_t, C_org-to-N_t and interactions of heavy metals with pH_KCl. It was concluded that C_mic, C_mic-to-C_org and BAS might be good indicators of the general status of soil microbial communities, but their use in studying heavy metal effects may entail difficulties in separating the effects of other factors. The sensitivity of the BIOLOG^® test to pH_KCl suggests that it may be useful for studying the effects of acidification or liming on soil microbial communities. The significant effect of the interactions between heavy metals and other variables on physiological profiles indicated that high heavy metal content affects the metabolic functions of soil microbial populations.     

Quantitative variation as a tool for detecting human-induced impacts on genetic diversity

We propose quantitative genetic variation as a useful tool complementary to molecular variation in order to detect changes in biodiversity caused by different human-induced activities. We simulated a metapopulation setting under a number of realistic scenarios caused by anthropogenic activities (population isolation, reduced carrying capacity or reproductive rates, shifts in the local optima, and enhanced environmental variation or mutational rates). The effects on diversity of these scenarios were assessed for neutral variation estimated from molecular markers and for an additive quantitative trait that represents a typical morphological characteristic subject to stabilising selection promoting local adaptation to environmental conditions. The results show that monitoring quantitative genetic variation can be more informative than neutral variation to detect some human-induced environmental or genetic impacts on diversity, both at intra and interpopulation levels. We also compared the precision of diversity estimates obtained from molecular markers and quantitative traits. Under low migration rates and typical selection intensities for the quantitative trait, the precision of estimates can be substantially larger for a quantitative trait than for a single molecular marker. Thus, about 10-20 (2-4) independent markers are necessary for the precision of estimates of heterozygosity (population differentiation) from molecular markers to reach that of genetic variances (differentiation) from quantitative traits.     

Genetic differentiation of the parthenogenetic soil collembolan Isotoma notabilis along a copper gradient based on random amplified polymorphic DNA

Five species of collembolans were collected at 24 sampling areas in a copper polluted field. The most abundant species was Isotoma notabilis found at half the sampling sites, in total 490 individuals. Two hundred and fifty-two specimens of these, representing seven sampling areas were analysed by means of random amplified polymorphic DNA using three decamer primers. Two primers each revealed eight phenotypes and the third showed six phenotypes. Distribution of the phenotypes was not homogenous within the sampling area. This result could not be explained as an outcome of either the copper content in the soil or the grass biomass, but was more likely an effect of colonisation from the areas surrounding the field.     

重庆市渔业环境质量现状及污染特征探析

对重庆市渔业环境质量现状及污染特征分析评价结果表明,重庆市渔业环境质量监测点位合格率较低,仅为48.3%。水主要污染物为总大肠菌群和Cu,底泥主要污染物为Cr、六六六和滴滴涕。水中总大肠菌群超标倍数为0.84~3.80,Cu为0.04~5.21;底泥Cr超标倍数为0.002~0.43,六六六为0.03~23.88,滴滴涕为0.08~14.05。渔业水与底泥重金属含量呈正相关,T检验次级河流网箱养鱼河段水中Cu、CODCr和DO含量显著高于一般渔业功能区,而Cr6 含量显著低于一般渔业功能区,次级河流网箱养鱼河段底泥中Hg含量则显著高于一般渔业功能区。重庆市渔业环境质量监测点位合格率依次为次级河流一般渔业功能区>水库>池塘>稻田>次级河流网箱养鱼河段。     

株洲市白马乡土壤和农作物重金属污染评价

本文对株洲市白马乡土壤及其农作物中重金属含量进行了调查并对其污染进行了评价。结果表明:该乡土壤和作物均受到了不同程度的重金属污染,土壤达不到土壤环境质量二级标准要求,作物达不到食品卫生标准要求,土壤重金属污染因子主要为Cd,作物中主要重金属污染因子为Cd、Pb。附近清水塘工业区排放的大气污染物重金属尘是造成白马乡土壤和作物重金属污染的主要因素。不同测点土壤和作物污染程度差别极大,主要和各测点与最大重金属尘污染源距离的远近、方位及风向有关。     

鸭场水质污染状况及防治措施——鸭场污染研究材料之二

鸭粪明显污染了鸭场附近的水质,增加了水中的细菌、大肠杆菌、氮、磷和COD量。鸭场附近水质污染程度要比参照点污染程度严重。封闭鸭场水质污染严重,而活水型鸭场对水系污染严重。防止此污染可采取如下措施:合理布局鸭场,减少鸭子入水时间,发展生态鸭和加强养鸭管理。