中国海南三亚大珠母贝不同年代种群的遗传变异研究

利用10个多态微卫星标记对中国海南三亚海域大珠母贝（Pinctada maxima）3个不同年代（2007、2009和2010）群体的遗传变异进行了分析,每个群体30个样品。10个位点共扩增出60个等位基因,平均每个位点6（2—8）个,3个群体分别丢失了1、2和4个稀有等位基因。平均期望杂合度（Hc）、平均多态信息含量（PIC）、平均Shannon多样性指数均呈下降趋势。各群体均存在一定程度的杂合子缺失。30个数据中（3个种群×10个位点）有18个偏离了Hardy—Weinberg平衡。两两群体间的平均近交系数（FIS）介于0．2273～0．2601之间,平均遗传分化指数（FST）介于0．0204～0．0462,遗传分化显著（P〈0．01）。结果表明,3个年代群体遗传多样性水平已经出现了逐渐降低的趋势,遗传结构存在显著差异,近交程度增加,因此,人工繁育工作中应注意避免近亲繁殖和遗传多样性的降低。     

The effects of dietary supplements of polyunsaturated fatty acid on pearl oyster,Pinctada margaritifera L., gonad composition and reproductive output

Black‐lip pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera broodstock was collected from the wild. Egg production, hatching rate and larval development were compared between oysters induced to spawn within 2 days after collection in the wild (T1), oysters fed a pure microalgae diet during 24 days before spawning (T2) and oysters fed the same microalgal diet in which 10% of the algae were replaced with 2 μm polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)‐rich microspheres (T3). Administration of lipid microspheres resulted in larger sized eggs, a higher percentage of D‐larvae and larger sized 48‐h‐old larvae (P<0.05). The total and neutral lipid contents of the gonad increased after oysters were fed with microalgae only or with supplementary diet. The major neutral and polar fractions of saturated fatty acid (SFA) were 16C and 18C fatty acids, and not influenced by the diet (P>0.05). The gonads of oysters fed supplementary PUFA contained more docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and less monounsaturated fatty acids. Higher level of DHA in gonads of T3 was associated with oogenesis and embryogenesis success. The n‐3/n‐6 ratio in the neutral lipid fraction provides a good indication of the spawning condition and predicting egg size and hatching rate.     

马氏珠母贝TLR6基因的克隆、序列分析与表达

为了探究TLR6(Toll like receptor 6)在马氏珠母贝免疫反应中的作用,实验采用c DNA末端快速扩增(RACE)技术获得了马氏珠母贝TLR6基因(Pm-TLR6)c DNA全长序列,并且运用实时荧光定量PCR(q RT-PCR)技术检测了Pm-TLR6在马氏珠母贝各组织中的表达情况、哈维氏弧菌刺激后和植核移植后血淋巴中的表达模式。结果显示:Pm-TLR6c DNA全长2295 bp,其中5′非编码区(UTR)长94 bp,3′UTR长89 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)长2112 bp,编码703个氨基酸;多序列比对结果表明物种间TLR6具有较高的保守性;PmTLR6具有跨膜域、富含亮氨酸的重复序列(LRRs)和TIR域,符合TLRs家族特征。q RTPCR数据分析表明,Pm-TLR6在马氏珠母贝肝胰脏、血细胞、鳃、性腺、闭壳肌、外套膜中均有表达,其中肝胰脏中表达量最高;哈维氏弧菌刺激后,Pm-TLR6在2 h表达上调,约为对照组(0 h)的9倍,随后的6 h恢复至正常水平,直至16 h表达水平开始回升并于24 h达到最大表达量,是对照组的29.4倍,具有显著性差异;植核移植实验结果显示PmTLR6在植核后5和10 d表达水平没有显著性变化,15和20 d表达量出现上升趋势,但差异不显著,最后于30 d达到最大值,约为空白对照组(0 d)的5倍,具有显著性差异。研究表明,Pm-TLR6可能在马氏珠母贝免疫防御反应中担任着重要的角色。     

Is pearl colour produced from Pinctada margaritifera predictable through shell phenotypes and rearing environments selections?

The black‐lipped pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera, is the most important farmed mollusc species in French Polynesia. Donor oyster selection among wild P. margaritifera individuals, chosen according to their inner shell colour, makes it possible to obtain the broadest range of cultured pearl colours of any species. This study demonstrates the relative influence of using black [B] or red [R] outer shell phenotypes, combined with green [G] or yellow [Y] inner shell phenotypes, on pearl darkness level, colour categories and lustre. A large scale grafting experiment was designed and carried out over five grow‐out locations, covering three archipelagos: Tuamotus, Society and Gambier. Results revealed that the [B + G] phenotypes may be used as donors to produce dark green pearl, which suit the demands of the Asian market; whereas, phenotypes incorporating [R] and/or [Y] phenotypes may be used to obtain multicolour pearls of medium/light darkness, which suit the demands of the European market. From an environmental point of view, the 1) [B] phenotype showed no significant variation for light and other pearl colour production, and 2) [Y] phenotype produced both the same rate of pearl darkness level and green colour pearls whatever the grow‐out location. A classification tree model was built to predict, according to shell phenotype and culture location, the colour and darkness level of harvested pearls. Lustre was shown to be more influenced by the environment than by phenotype. These results should be taken into account in pearl farm production management and in selective breeding programmes.     

马氏珠母贝Rab7基因序列特征及其与耐低温性状的关系

Rab蛋白是膜泡运输过程中的重要调节因子,在囊泡运输和水产动物的免疫应答中行使重要功能。本研究鉴定了马氏珠母贝(Pinctada fucata martensii)的Rab7基因(Pm-Rab7),分析了Pm-Rab7在6个组织中及在温度胁迫(低温组17 ℃、对照组22 ℃、高温组32 ℃)下的表达模式,筛选和比较分析了马氏珠母贝耐低温选育系(low temperature resistant line, R) F3和北部湾野生群体(Beibu Gulf wild population, W)的Pm-Rab7外显子区的SNP位点。结果显示,Pm-Rab7序列全长为1 153 bp,5′端、3′端和开放阅读框(ORF)序列长度分别为30、505和618 bp,共编码205个氨基酸;Pm-Rab7具有一个RAB保守结构域,并与太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)相似度最高(92.79%)。系统进化树结果显示,Pm-Rab7与太平洋牡蛎等软体动物聚为一支。Pm-Rab7在所检测的组织都有表达,其中在性腺和鳃中的表达显著高于外套膜和肝胰腺等组织(P<0.05)。Pm-Rab7温度胁迫后时序表达分析发现,在17 ℃低温组,Pm-Rab7的表达量呈先上升再下降的趋势,在6 h~3 d内均显著高于22 ℃对照组(P<0.05),在1 d时达到峰值;在32 ℃高温组,Pm-Rab7表达量总体稳定,仅12 h时显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其他时间点与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05);说明该基因的表达与马氏珠母贝对低温胁迫的响应密切相关。Pm-Rab7基因的外显子区域在马氏珠母贝耐低温选育系和北部湾野生群体中共检测到7个SNP位点,其中3个位点的基因型频率在2个群体间具有显著性差异,说明这些位点可能与其耐低温性状相关。结果表明,Pm-Rab7可能在马氏珠母贝耐低温适应过程中发挥重要作用,研究结果可为深入探讨马氏珠母贝对温度变化的环境适应性研究提供参考资料。     

Effects of glycopeptides on development,growth and non‐specific immunity of pearl oyster Pinctada fucata (Gould)

The effects of glycopeptides, prepared from pearl oyster Pinctada fucata, on embryonic development, larval and juvenile growth and adult non‐specific immunity of P. fucata were investigated in this study. Glycopeptides had a pronounced stimulatory effect on embryonic development and larval and juvenile growth of P. fucata. enhancing with increased glycopeptide concentrations. All of haemocytes, phagocytosis, aggregation, serum microbiostatic activity and bacteriocidal activity all showed significant increases after 60‐day feeding, relative to unfed controls. The major conclusion is that glycopeptides had a pronounced stimulatory effect on the non‐specific immunity of pearl oysters.     

马氏珠母贝Rab7基因的克隆及其表达特征分析

Rab家族基因在囊泡的形成、转运、黏附、锚定和融合等各个阶段发挥重要作用。在已有的马氏珠母贝RabcDNA片段的基础上,采用RACE方法克隆了该基因的全长。cDNA长度2519bp,编码区长618bp,编码206个氨基酸。编码的蛋白质序列分析表明,该基因具有Rab家族的全部保守结构,与人类等其他生物的Rab7亚家族的同源性最高。RT-PCR结果显示,该基因在马氏珠母贝的鳃、足和胃组织中没有扩增产物,在卵、感染和未感染凿贝才女虫Polydora ciliata的马氏珠母贝的肝脏和血液中均检测到了与预期大小相符的扩增产物,存在组织差异性表达。     

马氏珠母贝不同组织同工酶的比较

采用聚丙烯酰酰胺凝胶水平平板电泳技术,研究了马氏珠母贝的８种组织７种同工酶的酶谱表型,结果表明：所测组织中未检出α－磷酸甘油脱氢酶（α－ＧＰＤＨ）和醇脱氢酶（ＡＤＨ）,乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）只在肝脏一条微弱谱带,苹果酸脱氢酶（ＭＤＨ）、苹果酸酶（ＭＥ）和超氧化物岐化酶（ＳＯＤ）部分组织间有显著差异,而酯酶（ＥＳＴ）则具有明显的组织特异性。     

合浦珠母贝热休克蛋白hsp70基因的克隆与表达分析

采用同源克隆和RT-PCR技术对合浦珠母贝(Pinctada fucata)热休克蛋白hsp70基因进行了克隆和表达分析。获得cDNA全长序列2 365 bp,其中3’非编码区域(UTR)为318 bp,5’UTR为88 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)为1 959 bp,编码652个氨基酸,分子量约为71.39 kD,理论等电点为5.22,并含有3个HSP70家族的签名序列IDLGTTYS、DLGGGTFD和EEVD。同源性分析表明,合浦珠母贝HSP70的氨基酸序列与太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)等双壳贝类的相似性高达86%以上,基于氨基酸序列的聚类分析表明,合浦珠母贝与牡蛎属种类亲缘关系最近。高温、高盐刺激后,半定量RT-PCR检测发现hsp70基因的表达明显增加,高温刺激的表达量高于高盐刺激,高温刺激组不同组织的表达量由大到小依次为鳃、消化腺、外套膜、肌肉、性腺,高盐刺激组不同组织的表达量由大到小依次为鳃、外套膜、肌肉、消化腺、性腺,表明HSP70参与了机体对刺激的应答过程。该基因的克隆为进一步深入研究合浦珠母贝的抗逆机理及其遗传改良奠定了重要基础。     

合浦珠母贝遗传连锁图谱的构建

用AFLP标记构建了印度合浦珠母贝(Pinctada fucata)全同胞家系的遗传图谱。用经过筛选的36对引物组合对父母本和62个子代个体进行遗传分析,共得到1 547个标记,包括581个1∶1分离标记。母本分离标记294个,其中178个符合1∶1孟德尔分离规律;父本分离标记287个,其中182个符合1∶1孟德尔分离规律。雌性框架图包括33个遗传标记,分布在14个连锁群中,标记间平均间隔24.3 cM,有2个3联体,11个连锁对,图谱总长度为488.5 cM。雄性框架图包括53个遗传标记,分布在19个连锁群中,标记间平均间隔30.5 cM,有4个3联体,10个连锁对,图谱总长度为1 035.5 cM。雌雄两个框架图中AFLP标记的分布都较均匀。雌雄基因组估算长度分别为1 168.4 cM和2 037.1 cM,图谱覆盖率分别为41.8%和50.8%。本研究为进一步构建高密度遗传连锁图谱及QTL定位分析奠定了基础。