ABA处理对油菜角果光合特性及产量的影响(英文)

[目的]探讨不同浓度ABA的施用对油菜光合特性及产量构成因素的影响,分析了外源ABA浓度与油菜产量之间的关系,为制定油菜高产栽培措施提供理论依据。[方法]在油菜终花期,采用浓度分别为1、2、100和200μmol/L的ABA对油菜角果进行喷施处理,测定了喷施后0、5、10和15d的角果光合特征及其对产量和产量构成因素的影响。[结果]不同的外源ABA施用浓度对油菜光合及产量有显著影响。高浓度的ABA处理降低了油菜的光合、水分利用效率(WUE)以及产量,而低浓度的ABA处理后这些指标均显著提高。[结论]ABA对植物的促进或是抑制作用取决于外源ABA的施用浓度与内源激素的相互作用关系。低浓度ABA能够提高油菜的产量可能与它提高了油菜角果的水分利用率(WUE)有关。     

不同海拔梯度下黄山松与马尾松针叶形态·光合生理特性的研究

[目的]通过对光合生理指标和形态学指标的对比,探讨黄山松和马尾松对不同海拔的适应性。[方法]选取黄山风景区365、882m 2个海拔的马尾松群落和882、1 575 2个海拔的黄山松群落为研究对象,分别测定其针叶长、叶面积、单根叶重以及比叶面积等形态指标和光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度等光合生理指标。用Duncan多重比较方法,检验了种内和种间差异。物种的参数测定使用LI-6400便携式光合测定仪等工具,数据整理和分析使用Spss18.0和Excel等软件。[结果]同一物种在不同海拔各形态指数差异性在0.05水平显著;同一海拔的不同物种形态指数差异性不显著(P0.05);光合生理参数在种内和种间差异性均不显著(P0.05)。[结论]在长期的进化过程中,黄山松和马尾松通过表现型的改变维持了其生理生态的稳定性,很好地适应了当地高山严酷的环境,即二者均对山地具有较强的适应能力。     

光合细菌对水稻生育、产量及效益影响的研究

利用光合细菌延农光配1号,对水稻叶龄、株高、分蘖数、出穗期及产量进行了研究。结果表明,不同处理对水稻叶龄及有效分蘖数无明显差异,但对水稻株高和出穗期有差异,说明延农光配1号具有促进生长、早熟的作用。产量和经济效益分析表明,未腐熟的猪粪40 m3/hm2和光合细菌100 L/hm2,产量极显著高于对照,其经济效益高出对照8 381元/hm2。     

不同地表覆盖方式对胡杨幼苗光合特性的影响及评价

为筛选对胡杨幼苗生长有效的地表覆盖物。以1年生胡杨幼苗为试材,设置覆膜(T1)、覆草苫子(T2)、覆沙(T3)和裸地(CK)共4种处理,利用相关性分析和隶属函数值法全面评价3种地表覆盖物对植株产生的效果。结果表明:T1、T2、T3处理均显著提高了不同月份的土壤含水率(P<0.05),平均土壤含水率较CK分别提高了26.1%、27.9%和23.5%;各覆盖均显著提高了成活率、株高及地径的生长,T2增长幅度最大;各覆盖均显著提高了叶片净光合速率(P n)、气孔导度(G s)、蒸腾速率(T r)(P<0.05),生长初期T1值最大,生长中后期T2值最大;T2处理的最大净光合速率(P max)、光饱和点(L SP)最大,光补偿点(L CP)和暗呼吸速率(R d)最低;各覆盖对水分利用效率(W UE)和表观量子效率(A QY)影响较小;植株生长与土壤含水率、P n、G s、P max、L SP呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),综合效果由强到弱顺序为T2、T3、T1、CK。覆草苫子较适宜在胡杨幼苗栽植过程中应用推广。     

限水灌溉与施N时期对小麦旗叶光合作用及产量性状的影响（摘要）

[目的]实现小麦优质高产节水省肥提供科学合理的水氮运筹模式。[方法]在大田条件下,研究灌水次数及施N时期对小麦旗叶Pn、叶绿素荧光参数及产量的影响。[结果]灌水次数对旗叶Pn、Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm、qP、qN及产量的影响均达到显著或极显著水平,且不灌水与灌水处理间差异较大;N肥全部基施与返青期追施（40%）处理间旗叶的Pn、Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm、qP和qN差异不大,但2个处理的光合参数与产量均明显低于拔节期或孕穗期追施（40%）处理。[结论]灌水次数与施N方式对Pn、叶绿素荧光参数及产量性状的调控存在显著的互作效应,其中以W2N4处理组合效果最好。     

四种彩叶树种光合特性研究

[目的]比较4种彩叶树种的光合特性及叶绿素特征,以期为彩叶树种的合理配置提供理论依据。[方法]在自然条件下,采用英国生产的LCI便携式植物光合测定仪测定自然生长的4种彩叶植物的光合特征,采用分光光度法测定彩叶植物叶绿素及花色素苷含量。对紫叶李（Prunus cerasifera f.atropurpurea）、紫叶矮樱（Prunus×cistena）、金叶女贞（Ligustrum×vicaryi）和金叶连翘（Forsythia suspen-sa（Thunb.）Vahl）4种彩叶树种光合特性日变化及植物色素含量进行研究。[结果]4种彩叶树种的光合作用能力强弱顺序为：紫叶李〉紫叶矮樱〉金叶女贞〉金叶连翘,2种紫叶树种的净光和速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度均高于金叶树种,而水分利用效率则相反;紫叶李和紫叶矮樱的叶绿素含量明显高于金叶女贞和金叶连翘。[结论]金叶树种的节水能力强于紫叶树种,而紫叶树种叶片的光能吸收和耐阴性强于金叶树种。     

双层棚架栽培的"二十世纪"系列日本梨品种光合特性研究

测定了双层棚架式栽培条件下5个二十世纪系列日本梨品种的光合特性。结果表明,“二十一世纪”的光合能力最强,蒸腾速率最大,光能利用效率最高;“金二十世纪”的光舍能力最差,蒸腾速率最低,但水分利用效率最高。     

5种园林植物的抗旱性比较研究

采用自然干旱胁迫方法,测定上海南园公园5种园林植物的9项生理生化指标,分析干旱胁迫下植物的生理反应,并用模糊数学隶属函数值法对植物抗旱性进行综合评价.结果表明:在自然干旱胁迫下,5种园林植物抗旱性由强到弱的排序为:八宝景天、马蔺、香茅、红叶石楠、杜鹃.     

Chemical and biochemical properties in a silty loam soil under conventional and organic management

To improve soil fertility, efforts need to be made to increase soil organic matter content. Conventional farming practice generally leads to a reduction of soil organic matter. This study compared inorganic and organic fertilisers in a crop rotation system over two cultivation cycles: first crop broad bean (Vicia faba L.) and second crop mixed cropped melon-water melon (Cucumis melo-Citrullus vulgaris) under semi-arid conditions. Total organic carbon (TOC), Kjeldahl-N, available-P, microbial biomass C (Cmic), and N (Nmic), soil respiration and enzymatic activities (protease, urease, and alkaline phosphatase) were determined in soils between the fourth and sixth year of management comparison. The metabolic quotient (qCO₂), the Cmic/Nmic ratio, and the Cmic/TOC ratio were also calculated. Organic management resulted in significant increases in TOC and Kjeldahl-N, available-P, soil respiration, microbial biomass, and enzymatic activities compared with those found under conventional management. Crop yield was greater from organic than conventional fertilizer. The qCO₂ showed a progressive increase for both treatments during the study, although qCO₂ was greater with conventional than organic fertilizer. In both treatments, an increase in the Cmic/Nmic ratio from first to second crop cycle was observed, indicating a change in the microbial populations. Biochemical properties were positively correlated (p < 0.01) with TOC and nutrient content. These results indicated that organic management positively affected soil organic matter content, thus improving soil quality and productivity.     

Organic matter accumulation and fertilizer-induced acidification interact to affect soil microbial and enzyme activity on a long-term sugarcane management experiment

The effects of crop residue management and fertilizer applications on the size and activity of the microbial community and the activity of exocellular enzymes involved in mineralization of C, N, P and S were examined on a long-term (60 years) field trial under sugarcane situated at Mount Edgecombe, South Africa. Treatments at the site included pre-harvest burning with harvest residues removed (B), burning with harvest residues (unburnt tops) left on the soil surface (B_t) and green cane harvesting with retention of a trash blanket (T). Plots were either fertilized annually with N, P and K or unfertilized. The size and activity of the microbial community and the activity of soil enzymes assayed increased with increasing inputs of crop residues (B < B_t < T) and this effect was evident to a depth of 30 cm. The metabolic quotient was decreased by inputs of both crop residues and fertilizers. Annual fertilizer additions did not affect basal respiration, increased fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis rate and acid phosphatase, invertase and protease activities and decreased arginine ammonification rate and dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, arylsulphatase and histidase activities. These effects were attributed to an interaction between the positive effect of fertilizer in increasing the size of the microbial biomass and the negative effect of fertilizer-N-induced soil acidification on microbial activity and on the activity of exocellular enzymes. Such results demonstrate the importance of using a range of measurements of microbial and enzyme activity when determining the effects of management on soil microbial and biochemical properties.