Molecular cloning,characterization and expression analysis of glucose transporters from Rachycentron canadum

It is very necessary to clarify the mechanism of carbohydrate metabolism in fish due to their poor ability to utilize carbohydrates. Glucose transporters (GLUTs) are important carriers involved in glucose transport across the plasma membrane, which is the first rate‐limiting step of carbohydrate metabolism. In this study, five glucose transporters (RcGLUT1, RcGLUT2, RcGLUT3, RcGLUT5 and RcGLUT9) were obtained from Rachycentron canadum. The complete cDNAs open reading frames (ORF) of RcGLUT1, RcGLUT2, RcGLUT3, RcGLUT5 and RcGLUT9 were 1,476 bp, 1,530 bp, 1,551 bp, 1,539 bp and 1,578 bp (GenBank accession no. MK560257 , MK560258 , MH184460 , MH184461 and MH184462 ), encoding 491, 509, 516, 512 and 525 amino acid (aa) residues respectively. All five RcGLUTs contained a Sugar_tr domain, which is an important feature of the GLUT gene family. The multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic relationship analyses showed that RcGLUTs were highly conserved and homologous from fish to mammals. Examination of tissue distribution showed that RcGLUTs were expressed constitutively in R. canadum. RcGLUT1‐5 and RcGLUT9 had the highest expression in the foregut, kidneys, haemocytes, muscles, liver and heart respectively. All six RcGLUTs first increased to peak levels of expression and then reduced both in the liver and muscle after fasting. The exception is that the expression levels of RcGLUT4 and RcGLUT5 in muscle were significantly lower than the control. In response to hypoxia, only RcGLUT2 in the liver and muscle and RcGLUT9 in muscle were expressed at a significantly lower level relative to the control. In sum, all RcGLUTs in the liver and muscles showed significant changes in response to fasting and hypoxia, suggesting that GLUT genes may play a role in the response to common physiological stresses.     

解磷菌对中低品位磷矿粉的最佳溶解工艺研究

研究解磷菌溶解中低品位磷矿粉的最佳溶解工艺条件,可以改善磷元素缺乏地区作物生长情况,提高作物产量。以果园土壤中的解磷菌作为菌种,接入磷矿粉培养基中培养,在初始pH为6.5、培养温度为28℃、接种量为7%、振荡速率为180 r/min、磷矿粉浓度为5.0 g/L、碳氮比为20:1的条件下,培养5 d,解磷效果最好。     

Establishment and verification of insulin resistance model in mouse skeletal muscle cells

AIM:To establish a stable and repeatable insulin resistance model of skeletal muscle cells in vitro, so as to promote the exploration of the pathological mechanism of insulin resistance and the development and screening of related drugs. METHODS:C2C12 mouse myoblasts were used to induce differentiation in normal differentiation medium and differentiation medium containing glucose at 40 and 60 mmol/L, respectively. The effects of glucose at different concentrations on cell convergence, fusion and formation of multinucleated myotubes were observed under phase contrast microscope every day. After 1, 3, 5 and 7 d of differentiation, 2-NBDG assay was used to detect the effects of different interventions on C2C12 basal glucose uptake and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. The effects of different interventions on the protein expression of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) after 5 d and 7 d of differentiation were determined by Western blot. The effects of different interventions on the distribution of GLUT4 protein after 5 d of differentiation were detected by immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS:After treated with glucose at 60 mmol/L, the morphological observation showed that high glucose treatment significantly inhibited the growth and differentiation of C2C12 cells after 3 d. High glucose treatment significantly inhibited basal glucose uptake and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake of the C2C12 cells after 5 d and 7 d (P<0.01). No difference between insulin-stimulated GLUT4 expression and basal GLUT4 expression after 5 d and 7 d of high glucose treatment was observed (P>0.05), but there was significant difference between control group and 60 mmol/L group (P<0.05) determined by Western blot. Immunofluorescence staining observation showed that the distribution of GLUT4 protein in the C2C12 cell membrane was significantly decreased after 5 d of high glucose treatment (P<0.01). Glucose treatment (40 mmol/L) also played a role to some extent, but the effect was not as obvious and stable as 60 mmol/L glucose. CONCLUSION:A stable insulin resistance model of mouse skeletal muscle cells in vitro was successfully established by high glucose stimulation. The treatment of glucose at 60 mmol/L for 5 d was the best. Morphological observation and detection of basic and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and GLUT4 protein expression and distribution evaluates the insulin resistance level of skeletal muscle cells in vitro.     

梨糖转运相关基因PbTMT4启动子克隆及功能分析

以‘砀山酥梨’(Pyrus bretschneideri‘Dangshan Suli’)为材料,利用梨基因组数据库,通过PCR获得了糖转运相关基因PbTMT4(Pbr032130.1)2 211 bp的CDS序列及其编码起始位点上游长度为1 220 bp的启动子序列。使用农杆菌介导法将PbTMT4导入拟南芥,与野生型对照植株相比,转基因拟南芥植株的生长速度更快,抽薹、开花时间更早,叶片糖积累量更高。生物信息学分析表明,该启动子中含有多个与逆境应答、激素信号和光信号相关的顺式作用元件。为进一步分析PbTMT4启动子功能,构建了该启动子与GUS基因融合的植物表达载体并转化拟南芥。对T_3代转基因拟南芥各组织进行GUS活性染色和半定量分析,发现GUS基因在根、茎、叶、花和果荚中均有表达,NaCl、干旱、GA_3、MeJA以及光照处理均能一定程度上提高转基因拟南芥中GUS基因的转录水平。逆境处理发现,PbTMT4转基因株系较野生型植株受到的伤害小。研究结果初步表明,PbTMT4可促进转基因拟南芥发育并提高糖积累量,可能在抗非生物胁迫中起重要的调控作用。     

苗圃田间自走式电动双轨运输机设计与试验

为实现苗圃田间果树钵苗的快速搬运,研制了一种适用于苗圃田间的自走式电动双轨运输机。针对运输机的应用环境、果树钵苗质量大小等需求,分析提出运输机应具备的装载量、电机功率、运输速度等设计参数;并根据技术参数要求,提出运输机的总体结构并对关键部件进行设计;最后,对运输机进行了实验室与田间试验。试验结果显示,运输机载重能力为750 kg,空载每百米能耗为9.16 W·h,满载每百米能耗为27.6 W·h,运行速度为0.564～0.718 m/s,运输机从起步到匀速行驶所用时间小于2.5 s,紧急制动距离小于0.05 m,振动加速度振幅总体小于0.4 g。以上结果表明,研制的运输机可以满足实现苗圃田间作业需求,可以有效提高作业效率、降低劳动强度。     

陆地棉钾转运体基因GhHAK5启动子的克隆与功能分析

KUP/HAK/KT钾转运体基因的转录调控是植物响应低钾胁迫的一项重要机制。克隆和分析棉花钾转运体基因的启动子,不仅有助于了解其表达模式及调控机制,对于改良棉花的钾吸收特性也具有重要意义。陆地棉钾转运体基因GhHAK5是一个在根中特异性高表达的基因,其表达受低钾胁迫诱导,目前关于该基因启动子的功能还不清楚。本研究以陆地棉品种百棉1号为材料,通过PCR方法对GhHAK5上游2000bp启动子片段(pGhHAK5)进行克隆,并通过转化拟南芥、GUS组织定位和低钾诱导表达特性分析来研究其功能。结果表明, pGhHAK5除具有TATA-box和CAAT-box等基本顺式作用元件外,还含有多个响应于光、逆境胁迫、植物激素和生物钟等的顺式作用元件。pGhHAK5与雷蒙德氏棉pGrHAK5在重要调控元件的数量和位置分布上具有较高的一致性,均具有5个参与根特异性表达调控的元件(ATAAAAT)和1个参与低钾条件下转录调控的ARF转录因子结合位点(TGTCNN)。GUS组织化学染色结果显示,转基因拟南芥幼苗的叶脉和胚轴维管束组织染色较深,根系染色较浅;成熟期转基因拟南芥植株的根、叶脉和花萼维管束组织染色较深,茎和荚皮染色较浅,表明pGhHAK5驱动的GUS主要在拟南芥成熟的根和地上部维管束组织中表达。进一步低钾诱导表达特性分析表明, PGhHAK5驱动的GUS在拟南芥幼苗幼嫩根中的表达很弱,且其表达不受低钾胁迫诱导而增强,表明PGhHAK5可能是一个主要在成熟根中具有功能的低钾诱导型启动子。转录组分析和荧光定量PCR结果表明, GhHAK5主要在成熟的根中表达,且其表达受发育时期的影响,该结果与pGhHAK5驱动的GUS在拟南芥根中的表达结果一致。本研究结果有助于深入了解GhHAK5表达调控的分子机制,并为棉花钾吸收效率的提高及钾高效棉花品种的培育提供理论依据。     

杉木蔗糖转运蛋白SUT基因的克隆和功能分析

蔗糖转运蛋白又称蔗糖-质子共转运蛋白,简称SUT(sucrose transporter)或者SUC(sucrose carriers),主要担负植物光合产物——蔗糖的跨膜运输与分配调控,在植物体内完成使蔗糖从“源”到“库”的运输。采用CTAB法提取杉木总RNA,通过RT-PCR得到cDNA,设计基因特异性引物,从1年生无性系杉木幼苗嫩叶中克隆SUT基因,并利用生物信息学方法分析SUT的基本结构、进化关系、理化性质。结果表明,在电泳图上总RNA的结构完整,28 S的亮度约为18 S的2倍;A260/A280为2.20,A260/A230为2.31;杉木SUT基因编码区全长为1 782 bp,共编码593个氨基酸,是具有SUT基因家族的典型12个跨膜区;通过系统进化树的分析发现,杉木SUT与无油樟SUT的亲缘性较高,SUT蛋白属于疏水性蛋白。     

小麦TaAAC基因克隆及功能的初步验证

为明确ATP/ADP转运蛋白在小麦籽粒粒重及淀粉合成方面的作用,以百农207 cDNA为模板,利用RT-PCR技术获得TaAAC的基因全长。生物信息学分析表明,TaAAC基因CDS长度为1 143 bp,编码380个氨基酸;TaAAC蛋白位于线粒体内膜和质体膜上。随后,以大麦条纹花叶病毒(BSMV)为载体,以GFP基因为指示基因,利用VIGS和qRT-PCR技术对TaAAC基因的功能进行研究。结果表明,在病毒诱导接种后24 d和29 d,TaAAC基因的相对表达量分别较对照下降51%和67%。BSMV病毒诱导TaAAC基因沉默后的百农207籽粒内总淀粉含量和千粒重均较对照显著降低。以上结果表明TaAAC基因正向调控小麦籽粒的淀粉合成,提高该基因表达有助于增加小麦粒重。