枸杞病虫害防控技术

介绍了枸杞病虫害农业、生物、物理和化学防控技术。     

蒙古木蠹蛾性信息素研究

经毛细管气谱和质谱比较分析,发现蒙古木蠹蛾(Cossus mongolicus Ersch.)雌蛾产卵器及性信息素腺体漂洗液内,主要含有顺-5-12碳烯醇乙酸酯和顺-5-14碳烯醇乙酸酯两个化合物,其中只有顺-5-12碳烯醇乙酸酯能引起蒙古未蠹蛾雄蛾强烈触角电位反应,且在连续两年的林间诱捕试验中表现出显著引诱效果和防治潜力,由此证明顺-5-12碳烯辞乙酸酯是蒙古木蠹蛾性信息素的主要成分。     

Benefits of a maize–bean–weeds mixed cropping system in Urubamba Valley,Peruvian Andes

Abstract

In the Urubamba Valley, Peruvian Andes, we evaluated the abundance of insect pests and natural enemies in experimental plots where maize was grown either as monoculture, intercropped with beans, or intercropped with beans plus associated weeds. We also assessed the consequences of the cropping system for maize yield. The main insect pests recorded were Diabrotica spp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Carpophilus sp. (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) and Pagiocerus frontalis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), and their overall abundance did not differ among crop diversity treatments. However, there was a significant adverse effect of crop diversity on the maximum abundance of both Carpophilus and Pagiocerus. The main beneficial arthropods were Paratriphleps sp. (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), ladybirds and spiders, and their density did not differ among treatments. Maize yield did not decrease with increasing plant diversity. The reported benefits of intercropping, together with the associated efficiency in land use, make this traditional agricultural practice a valuable alternative to the use of pesticides, particularly for resource-poor Andean farmers.     

外来有害生物适生性研究方法及需要注意的若干问题

在分析利用生态位技术结合气候统计学方法及利用试验数据建立预测模型评估开展有害生物适生性研究的大量文献的基础上,本文详细讨论了在有害生物适生性研究中涉及的有关有害生物生物学资料的评估与分析、有害生物分布点的选择及预测结果的准确性等问题。认为有害生物的生物学特性及地理学的资料在研究有害生物适生性方面具有十分重要的作用。从统计学角度探讨了提高适生性预测结果正确性的途径。     

Significance of leaf infection by Botrytis cinerea in stem rotting of tomatoes grown in non-heated greenhouses

The most serious symptom of Botrytis cinerea in tomatoes grown in greenhouses is stem rotting. Lesions on the stem may result from direct infection or from progression of the rot along infected leaves, until infection approaches the stem. In a set of experiments conducted in commercial greenhouses, an experimental greenhouse and growth chambers, the significance of the two types of stem infections was studied. In non-heated greenhouses most of the stem lesions originated from progression of the pathogen along infected petioles. The rate at which B. cinerea had progressed on infected petioles was 0.3–0.5 cm/day, an average of ca. 6 weeks was needed for a leaf infection to approach the stem. Application of Trichoderma harzianum T39 extended this time by 1–2 weeks and application of chemical fungicides by 3 weeks. Influence of the environment on the progression of B. cinerea along infected petioles was then determined. Within range of 5–30 °C, the higher the temperature, the more rapid was the rate of disease progression. The fungus progressed more rapidly on tomato petioles incubated at high vapour pressure deficit (VPD) rather than at low VPD. The source-sink relationship of the plant governed the rate of B. cinerea progression along the petioles as well: it was more rapid when the source was restricted (by shading) and slower when the sink was restricted (by removal of flowers and small fruits). The possibility that sanitation of infected leaflets would reduce the incidence of stem rotting was examined in two experiments. In plots not treated with a fungicide, the sanitation treatment substantially decreased the incidence of stem lesions and this treatment was as effective as weekly application of chemical fungicides.     

Susceptibility of European bread and durum wheat cultivars to Tilletia indica

Representative European wheat cultivars were tested under quarantine containment for their susceptibility to Tilletia indica, the cause of Karnal bunt of wheat. Fifteen winter and 15 spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) and 11 durum wheat ( Triticum durum ) cultivars were inoculated by boot injection just prior to ear emergence to test their physiological susceptibility. Selected cultivars were then re-tested by spray inoculation after ear emergence to determine their morphological susceptibility, which is a better predictor of field susceptibility. At maturity, the ears and seeds were assessed for incidence and severity of disease. For the physiological susceptibility tests, 13/15 winter wheat cultivars were infected and the percentage of infected seeds ranged from 1 to 32%. For spring cultivars, 13/15 cultivars were infected and the percentage of infected seeds ranged from 1 to 48%. For the durum cultivars, 9/11 were infected and the percentage of infected seeds ranged from 2 to 95%. Across all cultivars, 35/41 were infected. Based on historical Karnal bunt susceptibility categories using coefficients of infection, one cultivar was classed as highly susceptible, three as susceptible, 11 as moderately susceptible, 20 as resistant and only six as highly resistant. The spray-inoculation morphological susceptibility tests broadly confirmed the physiological susceptibility results, although lower levels of infection were observed. Overall, the range of susceptibility was similar to that found in cultivars grown in Karnal bunt affected countries. The results demonstrate that European wheat cultivars are susceptible to T. indica and thus could potentially support the establishment of T. indica if introduced into Europe.     

间作番茄对甘蓝生长及其主要害虫种群数量的影响

研究了甘蓝、番茄不同间作比例对甘蓝生长及主要害虫种群数量的影响,以期找到适宜的间作比例,为生产实践中进一步推广应用提供理论依据。试验结果表明,甘蓝与番茄间作模式,对甘蓝主要害虫菜青虫、小菜蛾、菜蚜等有一定的趋避效果,但6∶1的间作处理效果较差,4∶1、2∶1的间作处理效果良好,且差异不明显;2∶1的间作处理由于间作密度小,甘蓝受番茄生长的影响大,植株生长不良,6∶1的间作处理由于间作密度较大,甘蓝受虫害影响大,叶球虫孔数多,商品性差,4∶1的间作处理,植株生长良好,叶球饱满、质量大、商品性好。综合各项数据分析,4∶1的间作比例更合适。     

河南栽培牧草害虫调查研究

经过3年的调查研究,初步查明河南栽培牧草害虫124种,分属9目36科。其中17种为河南新记录害虫。豆科牧草田间主要害虫数量构成因牧草种类不同呈现不同的次序性,部分害虫发生存在着明显的地理特征。本文首次报导河南主要牧草田中害虫群落构成及其地理差异以及主要害虫发生概况,并对当前栽培牧草害虫防治策略提出了讨论意见。     

植物生长调节剂在害虫生物防治中的应用

植物生长调节剂是一类调节和控制植物生长发育及各种生理活动的有机化合物,同时它能诱导植物产生一些次生物质对害虫产生生长抑制、防御和驱避等作用。概述植物生长调节剂的种类和作用特点,并对其在害虫生物防治中的应用进行介绍。     

蔬菜抗虫性研究进展

对蔬菜抗虫机制、抗虫性遗传以及抗虫种质资源的鉴定等方面的研究成果与研究技术进行了综述,讨论了蔬菜抗虫性研究中存在的问题和研究前景。