植物保护对粮食安全的影响分析

概述了粮食安全概念的发展和演变,阐述了有害生物对粮食安全的种种危害,论述了植物保护对粮食安全的重大贡献,同时分析了以化学农药为主要防治手段的植物保护对粮食安全的各种负面影响,以及抗性转基因作物生产对粮食安全可能产生的危害,指出植物保护是影响粮食安全的重要因素。进而提出了实施可持续植保,促进粮食安全的应对之策。     

华山松木蠹象的危险性分析

华山松木蠹象（Pissodes punciatus LangerSitu et zhang)是云南省近年来严重危害松属植物的害虫之一，造成大面积的华山松枯死，它的危害相当严重。根据该虫的为害特性及生物学特性、其寄主林木的经济价值、危害的严重程度及进一步传播蔓延的可能性等，对其危险性进行分析与评估。结果表明，华山松木蠹象在云南省属于中度危险的森林有害生物。     

入侵红火蚁生物学特性的研究

入侵红火蚁是一种杂食性害虫,它的生物学特性主要表现在它的社会性、多型性、群居地栖性、好攻击性、受惊转移和堆尸习性等,大多从卵发育为成虫需要22-38d,每个族群中有单个蚁后或多个蚁后,蚁后寿命最长可达7a,一般每天可产卵1500-5000粒,1个蚁巢可有成蚁5～50万只,盛夏和寒冬整个族群均向蚁巢下部转移,有翅繁殖蚁可四季产生,多在春末夏初飞出蚁巢在空中交配,落地后雌蚁脱翅成为蚁后,并产卵繁殖建立新的族群,主要靠人为传播和自然扩散来扩展入侵地。     

The paradox of keystone species persecuted as pests: A call for the conservation of abundant small mammals in their native range

Small mammals, such as European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), plateau pikas (Ochotona curzoniae) and prairie dogs (Cynomys spp.), traditionally have been perceived as pests and targeted for control within their native ranges, where they perform essential ecosystem roles and are considered keystone species. These species can reach high densities, and have been subjected to eradication campaigns because of their putative negative impact on natural habitats and agriculture and their competition with livestock for forage. Eradication programmes have been a main factor causing sharp declines of these species in their natural ranges. Paradoxically, they are keystone species where they are abundant enough to be perceived as pests. The term “pest” is usually a social perception that is rarely supported by scientific data, whereas there is considerable scientific evidence of the key ecological roles played by these species. We call for the conservation of these species and present a conceptual model regarding the management of their populations. Where they occur at high numbers, and hence their effects on biodiversity are still of crucial importance, the persecution of these species should be avoided and their natural habitats preserved. In areas with high conservation value, but where these species occur at low densities, management efforts should aim to increase their density. In areas of high commercial value, managers ideally should consider changing prioritization of the area to high conservation value by purchasing the land or obtaining conservation easements. In situations with high commercial value and demonstrable low conservation concern, small mammals could be reduced humanely.     

植物生长调节剂在害虫生物防治中的应用

植物生长调节剂是一类调节和控制植物生长发育及各种生理活动的有机化合物,同时它能诱导植物产生一些次生物质对害虫产生生长抑制、防御和驱避等作用。概述植物生长调节剂的种类和作用特点,并对其在害虫生物防治中的应用进行介绍。     

Analysis based on RAPD and ISSR Markers Reveals Closer Similarities among <Emphasis Type="Italic">Citrullus</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic"> Cucumis</Emphasis> Species than with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Praecitrullus fistulosus</Emphasis> (Stocks) Pangalo

A cucurbit species named Praecitrullus fistulosus (Stocks) Pangalo, which thrives in India, is considered to be a distant relative of watermelon. Recent experiments indicated that it has mild resistance to whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci). However, our attempts to cross various US plant introductions (PIs) of P. fistulosus with watermelon or other Citrullus PIs have not been successful. Thus, to determine genetic relatedness among those species, phylogenetic analysis [based on simple sequence repeat (SSR)–anchored (also termed ISSR), and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers] was conducted among PIs of P. fistulosus, Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus (watermelon), C. lanatus var. citroides and the wild Citrullus colocynthis. Phylogenetic relationships were also examined with Cucumis melo (melon), Cucumis sativus (cucumber), and wild Cucumis species including C. africanus, C. metuliferus, C. anguria, C. meeusei, and C. zeyheri. Wide genetic distance exists between Citrullus and Cucumis groups (8% genetic similarity). Phylogenetic relationships among Citrullus species and subspecies are closer (25–55% genetic similarity) as compared with those among most Cucumis species (14–68% genetic similarity). P. fistulosus appeared to be distant from both Cucumis and Citrullus species (genetic similarity between P. fistulosus and Cucumis or Citrullus groups is less than 3%). Although wide genetic differences and reproductive barriers exist among cucurbit species examined in this study, they are still considered as potential germplasm source for enhancing watermelon and melon crops using traditional breeding and biotechnology procedures.     

河南栽培牧草害虫调查研究

经过3年的调查研究,初步查明河南栽培牧草害虫124种,分属9目36科。其中17种为河南新记录害虫。豆科牧草田间主要害虫数量构成因牧草种类不同呈现不同的次序性,部分害虫发生存在着明显的地理特征。本文首次报导河南主要牧草田中害虫群落构成及其地理差异以及主要害虫发生概况,并对当前栽培牧草害虫防治策略提出了讨论意见。     

枸杞病虫害防控技术

介绍了枸杞病虫害农业、生物、物理和化学防控技术。     

江苏金坛茶树主要病虫种类的调查研究

2009～2011年的江苏金坛茶树主要病虫害调查结果表明:茶树的虫害分属9目37科73种,其中鳞翅目、同翅目害虫是为害金坛茶树的优势种群,有2目共21科48种,占总种数的65.75%;茶叶的病害主要有8种茶树叶病害和4种枝杆病害。此外还介绍了各种病虫害的为害方式及其程度。     

太行山区有机苹果园主要病虫防控技术探讨

通过对太行山区苹果园主要病虫种群进行调查,明确了造成经济为害的病虫种类。按照有机食品生产防控要求,从果园生态系统维护、加强生产全过程的管理、应急防控措施应用几方面进行了生态友好型病虫防控措施的探讨,以期为太行山区有机苹果生产提供一定的技术指导。