Explaining recreational angling catch rates of Eurasian perch,Perca fluviatilis: the role of natural and fishing‐related environmental factors

Angling catch records are frequently used to reveal fish population developments. It is therefore important to understand the determinants of angling catches. This study focused on angler‐related, biotic and abiotic factors influencing catchability of Eurasian perch, Perca fluviatilis L. A multi‐lake (21 lakes) study based on angling diaries collected in Mecklenburg‐Vorpommern, Germany (2006/2007), found that angler‐related factors such as fishing experience, species preference and bait/lure type had a large impact on perch catch rates. Additionally, environmental conditions (nutritional status and water transparency) affected either the size or the number of perch caught by anglers. Catch rates varied seasonally, which was confirmed by an experimental fishery on a gravel pit (2008). This portion of the study showed that altered food availabilities in the course of the year caused food limitation in perch, which in turn facilitated high catch rates and female‐biased exploitation in autumn. It is concluded that both angler‐related and abiotic factors interact affecting perch catch rates and size of perch captured in recreational angling.     

周期阻尼结构低频带隙的研究与应用

首先基于声子晶体理论对周期阻尼结构的低频带隙模型进行了分析,证明了周期阻尼结构能够产生低频带隙。然后针对某款车型驾驶室存在的低频振动与噪声问题,根据理论模型的分析结果采用周期阻尼结构对车身板壳部件进行处理,并用有限元方法对处理结果进行预测。通过车内驾驶位置和副驾驶位置测点在处理前后的转速跟踪图对比,得到了在常用转速(1500～3500 r/min)下车内平均声压级衰减3 dB以上的效果。     

Changes in lipid composition of different tissues of common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) during short‐term starvation

In this work, we study the variations in concentration (mg 100 g^?1 dry weight) and total content (mg individual^?1) of different lipid classes in muscle and the digestive gland of Octopus vulgaris during an 8‐day starvation period. In all the samples analysed, polar lipids (PL) predominated in muscle (267.3–337.2 mg 100 g^?1) compared with neutral lipids (66.9–104.7 mg 100 g^?1). A significant positive tendency was observed in muscle for the content and concentration of monoglycerides as a consequence of starvation (P < 0.05). Furthermore, a higher cholesterol (CHO) content was detected in this tissue after the fourth day of starvation compared with the fed animals (P < 0.05). Neutral lipids predominated in the digestive gland (12 958–14 151 mg 100 g^?1) compared with PL (3157–6517 mg 100 g^?1), with triglycerides, free fatty acids and monoglycerides being the major lipid classes. The concentration of PL and monoglycerides showed a positive trend with starvation, while the triacylglycerol showed a negative tendency (P < 0.05). The results suggest that triglycerides and CHO are transported simultaneously from the digestive gland to the muscular tissues during starvation and the preferential use of PL and CHO during growth phases. It was estimated that lipids contributed 26% of the energy costs of the animals during starvation, mainly in the form of triglycerides from the digestive gland.     

Compensatory growth response of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) under cycled starvation and restricted feeding rate

The compensatory growth response of the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) that faced cycling starvation and restricted ration was assessed. Juveniles (10.5 g) were stocked into 15 tanks at a density of 25 fish per tank. Five different feeding regimes were tested on triplicate groups of fish: C_Satiation: control fed for 60 days without deprivation, C_Restricted: 25% restricted feeding, S‐R: 1 day starvation then 4 days C_Restricted feeding, R‐F: 1 day C_Restricted feeding then 4 days C_Satiation feeding, and, finally, S‐F: 1 day starvation then 4 days C_Satiation feeding. The specific growth rate of fish in the C_Satiation (2.5 ± 0.06% day^?1), S‐F (2.5 ± 0.11% day^?1) and R‐F (2.4 ± 0.18% day^?1) were significantly higher than that of C_Restricted (2.2 ± 0.05% day^?1) or S‐R (2.0 ± 0.01% day^?1). Fish in S‐F group were able to achieve catching up with the C_Satiation. There was no significant difference in feed conversion rates but R‐F and S‐F consumed approximately 34% more feed than C_Satiation following the first re‐feeding day. Although, the highest lipid content was observed in C_Satiation (14.4%), S‐R (33.3% dry matter) had the highest water content compared with the C_Satiation and C_Restricted (37.8% and 36.9% dry matter respectively). In conclusion, it may be concluded that sea bass has rapid response to cycling starvation/re‐feeding and that a 25% restricted feeding ratio is insufficient to invoke a compensatory growth response in sea bass.     

饥饿胁迫对杂交鳢生长及生化组成的影响

水温25.8 ～ 30.0℃,将初始体重91.6～ 125.1g、体长18.6～23.2 cm的杂交鳢(Hybrid snakehead)置于玻璃缸水槽中饥饿处理9周,探索饥饿胁迫对其生长(饥饿9周)和生化组成(饥饿7周)的影响.结果表明,饥饿处理9周后,各组的存活率均为100％;其体重的损失率随饥饿时间的延长显著上升(P＜0.05),饥饿至第9周时达(20.32±2.16)％;肥满度、脏体比、肝体比和脂体比随饥饿时间的延长呈下降趋势,各试验组与对照组相比均差异显著(P＜0.05);饥饿0～7周,杂交鳢全鱼水分含量逐步上升,饥饿开始时为68.26％,至第7周时达72.51％;灰分含量有所增加,但增幅不明显;脂肪、蛋白质和比能值均呈下降趋势;其中,脂肪含量和比能值下降较为明显,饥饿至第7周时,与对照组相比,分别下降了32.46％和22.56％;蛋白质含量在饥饿前期下降不明显,饥饿5～7周内显著下降(P＜0.05).判断杂交鳢在整个饥饿过程中,主要是利用自身的脂肪作为能源物质,同时也会消耗少量的蛋白质.     

草鱼蛋白质和脂肪代谢对饥饿胁迫的响应

实验选取平均体质量(31.86±1.47) g的草鱼, 随机分为2个实验组, 对照组(CG)和饥饿组(SG), 每组3个平行, 饥饿处理15、30、45和60 d, 测定饥饿对鱼体的生长、肌肉生化组成、血液生化指标以及蛋白质代谢的影响。结果表明: 饥饿组肥满度、脏体比、肝体比显著低于对照组。随着饥饿时间的延长, 草鱼肌肉中的水分含量逐渐增加, 脂肪和蛋白质含量呈现降低趋势, 脂肪含量在4个时期没有明显的差异(P>0.05), 水分和蛋白质含量分别呈现差异性增加和降低的趋势。血清总蛋白在饥饿15 d时与对照组没有明显的差异(P>0.05), 其后3个时期对照组显著高于饥饿组(P<0.05), 但饥饿组后3个时期趋于稳定。随着饥饿时间的延长, 白蛋白、总胆固醇和甘油三脂含量在4个时期与对照组都有明显变化(P<0.05), 饥饿组呈现先降低后升高再降低的波浪形变化。丙氨酸氨基转移酶活性在15、60 d时与对照组没有明显的变化(P>0.05), 在30 d时先降低, 45 d时显著升高(P<0.05)。随着饥饿时间的延长, 与对照组相比RNA︰DNA在肌肉中没有明显的差异(P>0.05), 在肝胰脏中与对照组呈现显著性差异, 随着时间的延长饥饿组呈现先降低后增高的趋势。谷氨酸脱氢酶活性在肌肉中于饥饿15 d时与对照组没有明显差异(P<0.05), 其后比对照组显著增加, 随着时间的延长饥饿组谷氨酸脱氢酶活性呈现上升的趋势; 在15、45 d时与对照组没有明显的变化(P>0.05), 在30、45 d时显著升高(P<0.05)。肝胰脏中谷氨酸脱氢酶活性在4个时期比对照组有显著的增加; 与肌肉相比, 肝胰脏和血清中谷氨酸脱氢酶活性是一种有效的反应蛋白质代谢的指标。草鱼对体内贮能物质(蛋白质和脂肪)的动用并不是简单地与饥饿时间呈线性相关, 而是出现周期性和阶段性起伏的变化。     

Physiological Responses of Two Wheat Cultivars to Nitrogen Starvation

Plants need to be efficient in nutrient management,especially when they face the temporal nutrient defficiencies.Understanding how crops respond to nitrogen (N) starvation would help in the selection of crop cultivars more tolerant to N deficiency.In the present work,the physiological responses of two wheat cultivars,Yannong 19 (YN) and Qinmai 11 (QM),to N starvation conditions were investigated.The two cultivars differed in biomass and N rearrangement between shoots and roots during N starvation.QM allocated more N to roots and exhibited higher root/shoot biomass ratio than YN.However,tissue measurement indicated that both cultivars had similar nitrate content in leaves and roots and similar remobilization rate in roots.Microelectrode measurement showed that vacuolar nitrate activity (concentration) in roots of QM was lower than that in roots of YN,especially in epidermal cells.Nitrate remobilization rates from root vacuoles of two cultivars were also identical.Moreover,vacuolar nitrate remobilization rate was proportional to vacuolar nitrate activity.During N starvation,nitrate reductase activity (NRA) was decreased but there were no significant differences between the two cultivars.Nitrate efflux from roots reduced after external N removal and QM seemed to have higher nitrate efflux rate.     

饥饿对不同体重组团头鲂肌肉和血清生化成分的影响

在水温20±1℃条件下,研究饥饿对不同体重团头鲂（141.3±4.23g,96.5±2.88g和76.8±3.17g）肌肉和血清生化成分的影响。结果表明各实验组体重均在饥饿14d后出现显著下降（p<0.05）,至28d时平均降幅为18.78%。饥饿过程中肌肉水分和粗灰分含量均逐步上升,粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量则持续下降,粗脂肪和粗蛋白含量分别在饥饿14d和21d时出现显著下降（p<0.05）。血清中血糖浓度相比甘油三酯和总胆固醇对饥饿更为敏感,饥饿7d后即出现显著下降（p<0.05）,总胆固醇浓度在饥饿14d后差异尚不显著（p>0.05）,21-28d期间才显著下降（p<0.05）,甘油三酯浓度则在饥饿期间持续显著下降（p<0.05）。上述结果说明饥饿对团头鲂肌肉和血清生化成分的影响显著（p<0.05）,体重差异对上述主要指标的影响不显著（p>0.05）。     

Fatty acid utilization during the early larval stages of Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) and Common snook (Centropomus undecimalis)

The pattern of conservation and loss of fatty acids from the yolk sac during the endogenous feeding period and subsequent starvation was studied in pompano and snook larvae. Fundamental information on the early fatty acid dynamic and mobilization of pompano and snook larvae was collected. In both species, fatty acids were utilized as an energy source after hatching. Mono‐unsaturated fatty acids were catabolized, while saturated and poly‐unsaturated fatty acids were conserved. High levels of arachidonic acid (ARA) in pompano and snook eggs, as well as selective retention in the unfed larvae suggest a high dietary requirement for this fatty acid during the early stages of larval development. The effect of an ARA supplementation was therefore investigated in snook larvae at the rotifer feeding stage. The fatty acid profile of the larvae was successfully influenced to match that of wild eggs; however, no significant improvement in growth or survival was observed. Future research should be carried out over a longer period of time and include factors related to stress resistance.