洋山工程海域虾蟹类资源的初步分析

根据2003年-2005年每年5月、8月和11月对洋山深水港一期工程施工海域(30°30′～30°54,N、121°45′～122°30′E)20个站点进行渔业资源监测调查,分析了该海域虾蟹类资源的种类组成、生物量、丰度、生物多样性、个体平均体重及幼体比例等的变化,并与工程前(2001年)相比较。结果显示:虾蟹类的种类基本逐年减少;3年平均的生物量和丰度比工程前低;多样性指数、平均个体体重和幼体比例也是呈逐年降低的趋势。这系列的变化反映出该海域渔业资源结构的改变朝小型化方向发展,群落结构趋于简单化,容易引起生态系统结构与功能的改变。说明洋山工程海域施工期对虾蟹类资源产生了一定程度的影响。     

东海中南部外海虾类组成特征分析

依据2006年5月（春）、8月（夏）、11月（秋）和2007年2月（冬）在东海中南部外海（26°00′-28°30′N,126°00′E以西）海域虾类资源调查资料,对该海域虾类的种类组成季节变化和空间格局特征作了分析。结果表明：东海中南部外海虾类季节间相似性指数较低,各季节贡献率较大的有长角赤虾、戴氏赤虾、东海红虾和假长缝拟对虾等种类。东海中南部外海虾类种类组成可分为A、B两个组群,A组群主要分布在126°00′E以西100 m等深线附近海域,主要以戴氏赤虾、长角赤虾、假长缝拟对虾、高脊管鞭虾和东海红虾为主;B组群主要分布在126°00′E以东100 m等深线附近海域,主要以脊单肢虾、日本异指虾和九齿扇虾为主。两个群聚类型的空间分布没有明显的群聚边界,但密集区有所不同。     

虾类加工副产物酶解工艺初探

为了提高虾类资源利用率以及加工副产物的风味,采用酶法水解技术对影响虾类加工副产物酶解程度的各个因素进行了研究,包括酶制剂及其用量、固液比、酶解时间、酶解温度和pH。通过一系列单因素实验和对酶用量、酶解时间、酶解温度的正交试验确定了最佳酶解条件。结果表明：最适酶制剂为由中性蛋白酶与风味蛋白酶复合而成的复合酶;酶用量分别为中性蛋白酶1 000 U/g,风味蛋白酶1 000 U/g;固液比为1：5,其中固体为20 g;最适合的酶解温度：第一段酶解为55℃,第二段酶解为50℃;酶解时间：第一段酶解为1 h,第二段酶解为3 h;最适pH为7.0。     

高位虾池养殖水对沟渠土营养盐的影响

以海口市东营镇高位虾池作为研究靶点,监测及分析养殖水体的理化指标及沟渠土中的营养盐,结果表明:养殖中、后期水体中的pH、水温、盐度、溶解氧都在对虾养殖的适应范围内,但后期的养殖水体与中期相比,氨氮含量增加了137%,COD含量增加了33%,与对虾养殖的适应范围上限值相比,氨氮超标1.94倍,COD超标1.17倍;沟渠土沉积物中的营养盐与背景土中的相比,超标6～48倍,沟渠土沉积物中的营养盐基本为深层含量大于表层含量,但沟渠土沉积物中的C/N比值介于2.8～16.0之间,有利于有机物的分解,腐殖化程度高。     

Histopathology of Hematopoietic Tissue in Channel Catfish,Ictalurus punctatus,with Anemia

Outbreaks of anemia (CCA) in channel catfish, Ictalurirs punctatus, in Mississippi occur predominantly during spring and fall. Between October, 1990 and May, 1991, twenty-seven cases of CCA were submitted to the Mississippi Cooperative Extension Service-College of Veterinary Medicine Fish Diagnostic Laboratories. Histologic lesions were identified in the head and trunk kidneys of all affected fish. The head kidney contained less than 25% immature hematopoietic tissue in 3 of 22 cases (14%). 25-50% immature hematopoietic tissue in 7 of 22 cases (32%), and greater than 50% immature hematopoietic tissue in 12 of 22 cases (54%). The trunk kidney contained less than 25% immature hematopoietic tissue in 5 of 27 cases (18%), 25-50% immature hematopoietic tissue in 15 of 27 cases (56%), and greater than 50% immature hematopoietic tissue in 7 of 27 cases (26%). The histopathologic findings noted in cases of CCA from Mississippi affect primarily the hematopietic tissues of the head and trunk kidneys.     

Decreasing shrimp (Pandalus borealis) sizes off Newfoundland and Labrador – environment or fishing?

During the 1990s, carapace length statistics including minimum size caught (L_min), mean male and female lengths, size at sex transition (L₅₀) and maximum size (L_max) of northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) decreased in commercial and survey catches off Newfoundland and Labrador. Decreased growth rates caused by decreases in per‐capita food availability due to large population increases, exacerbated by increased metabolic demands from higher water temperatures in the mid‐1990s, appear to be the main cause of the size decrease. Fishing could have had an accelerating effect on environmentally driven decreases in shrimp growth and size by ‘cropping’ the largest shrimp from the population. The greatest decreases in shrimp size occurred in Hudson Strait and the adjacent northern shelf, the area which also has the highest densities and largest shrimp. We hypothesize that the greater size decrease here resulted from decreased primary production from decreased nutrient flux into the euphotic zone, caused by increased atmospheric warming, freshwater runoff and stratification during the warming trend of the 1990s.     

Spatio-temporal distribution of sergestid shrimp Acetes intermedius in the coastal waters of southwestern Taiwan

SUMMARY: Spatio-temporal variation of the sergestid shrimp Acetes intermedius in the coastal waters of southwestern Taiwan was investigated based on 1546 samples collected by 13 commercial fishing vessels from July to October 1996. Adult sergestid shrimp started a down-estuary migration with the increased river discharge associated with heavy summer rainfall. Fishing season for this species was to commence after that. In July, the shrimp stock was found on the shallow continental shelf off Tungkang and Fangshan. They mainly aggregated in Kaoping Canyon off Tungkang during August and September occurring at very high densities. In October, the shrimp returned to the coastal waters off Tungkang and Fangshan at lower densities. The heavy rainfall is a factor that triggers the shrimps to make a down-estuary migration that could reduce competition for food between adults and their offspring during the period of high river discharge. When the northeast monsoon prevailed, the sergestid shrimp moved back to the estuaries and the fishing season was terminated.     

饲料中添加天蚕素抗菌肽对南美白对虾免疫功能、抗病力的影响

本研究以南美白对虾为研究对象,探究饲料中天蚕素抗菌肽的合适添加量。在饲料中依次添加不同浓度水平（0%、1%、2%、3%、4%和5%）的天蚕素抗菌肽,配制为6种配合饲料,用以投喂南美白对虾,饲养周期8周。结果显示：与对照组相比,饲料中添加天蚕抗菌肽对南美白对虾增重率、蛋白质沉积率和特定生长率有显著影响（P＜0.05）,高水平天蚕素抗菌肽会抑制南美白对虾的增重率和特定生长率,南美白对虾的饵料系数显著下降,但对南美白对虾存活率和摄食率无显著影响（P＞0.05）|随着饲料中天蚕素抗菌肽的添加水平不断增加,3%组南美白对虾的ACP、POD和SOD含量达到最大水平,与对照组有明显差异（P＜0.05）|随着饲料中天蚕素抗菌肽的添加水平的不断上升,3%组南美白对虾的淀粉酶、脂肪酶和胃蛋白酶含量最高,与对照组存在明显差异（P＜0.05）。结果表明,饲料中添加天蚕素抗菌肽显著提高南美白对虾的增重率和特定生长率,提高南美白对虾的生长发育速度,从而增强机体免疫力,提高南美白对虾的抗病能力。 [关键词]天蚕抗菌肽|南美白对虾|抗病力|免疫功能     

致对虾肝胰腺坏死病副溶血弧菌荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

【目的】建立一种对虾急性肝胰腺坏死病（Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease）病原菌副溶血弧菌（Vibrio parahaemolyticus, VpAHPND）荧光定量 PCR 检测方法,对该病进行快速检测。【方法】根据副溶血弧菌基因保守序列设计特异性引物和探针,经优化反应体系及条件,建立检测 VpAHPND 的荧光定量 PCR 方法;以重组质粒为标准品制作标准曲线,并进行特异性、敏感性、重复性及临床应用试验。【结果】该方法定量范围宽,起始模板浓度范围为 2.3×101 ~2.3×107 拷贝 /μL 时,标准曲线具有良好的线性关系;最低检测限为 2.3 拷贝/μL,与对虾其他病原菌及病毒无交叉反应,重复试验变异系数为 0.45%~0.69%,可在 1 h 内完成样品检测;对临床对虾样品的检测结果表明,该方法与世界动物卫生组织（OIE）推荐的套式 PCR 法检测结果一致。【结论】应用 TaqMan 探针建立的检测 VpAHPND 的荧光定量 PCR 方法具有灵敏度高、特异性强、重复性好的特点,可有效用于临床对虾样品的 VpAHPND 检测。     

The effects of variation in feed protein level on the culture of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) in low-water exchange experimental ponds

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of varying dietary protein level on pond water quality and production parameters of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone). Experimental units consisted of nine 400‐m² earthen ponds with a low water exchange. Two treatments were tested: treatment HP consisted of shrimp fed a high‐protein diet (40%) during the whole grow‐out, and treatment LP consisted of the use of a low‐protein diet for the complete farming period. No differences on any of the water quality parameters were observed among treatments. Excellent survival (over 85%) and feed conversion ratios (around 1.6), and acceptable growth (over 12 g) and biomass (from 1721 to 1793 kg ha^?1) were recorded in all experimental ponds. No significant differences in any of the production parameters were found among treatment groups.