Herd characteristics influence farmers’ preferences for trait improvements in Danish Red and Danish Jersey cows

The aim of this study was to characterize preferences of farmers for breeding goal traits with Danish Red (DR) or Danish Jersey (DJ) cows. A breed-specific survey was established to characterize farmers’ preferences for improvements in 10 traits, by means of pairwise rankings using the online software 1000Minds. These pairwise rankings were based on equal economic worth of trait improvements. The DR survey was filled in by 87 farmers and the DJ survey by 76 farmers. Both DR and DJ farmers gave the highest preference to improvements in mastitis, and the lowest to calving difficulty. By means of a cluster analysis, three distinct clusters of farmers were identified per breed. Comparisons of herd characteristics between clusters suggest that farmers choose to improve traits that are problematic in their herds. This study shows that heterogeneity exists in farmers’ preferences for trait improvements and that herd characteristics influence these preferences in DR and DJ.     

Behaviour in one fast-growing and one slower-growing broiler (Gallus gallus domesticus) hybrid fed a high- or low-protein diet during a 10-week rearing period

This study compared behavioural time budgets, presence of comfort behaviours and social behaviours in two different broiler genotypes (the fast-growing Ross 308 (R) and the slower-growing Rowan Ranger (RR)) fed organic diets with high (17.0% crude protein (CP)) or low (14.5% CP) protein content during a 10-week rearing period. 429-day-old chicks (218 R and 211 RR, respectively) were included in the study and behaviour was recorded at 2, 6 and 9 weeks of age. The results showed no effect of diet treatments but that R broilers were less active and sat, ate and drank more frequently than RR broilers, which stood and perched more frequently. However, both hybrids showed decreasing activity and foraging behaviour with increasing age, while time spent eating and sleeping was approximately similar over the entire rearing period.     

Efficiency of inorganic fungicides against the formation of Erysiphe necator chasmothecia in vineyards

BACKGROUND

A reduction in chasmothecia, an important inoculum of grape powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator Schwein.), is essential for disease control in vineyards; the use of fungicides during the formation of chasmothecia on vine leaves, late in the growing season, may accomplish this. Inorganic fungicides, such as sulphur, copper, and potassium bicarbonate, are very useful for this purpose because of their multisite mode of action. The aim of this study was to evaluate chasmothecia reduction using different fungicide applications late in the growing season in commercially managed vineyards and in an exact application trial.

RESULTS

Chasmothecia on vine leaves were reduced in commercial vineyards by four copper (P = 0.01) and five potassium bicarbonate (P = 0.026) applications. The positive effect of potassium bicarbonate was also confirmed in the application trial, where two applications showed lower chasmothecia numbers than the control (P = 0.002).

CONCLUSION

The application of inorganic fungicides reduced the amount of chasmothecia as the primary inoculum source. Potassium bicarbonate and copper are of further interest for disease control as these fungicides can be used by organic and conventional wine growers. The application of these fungicides should be carried out as late as possible before harvest to reduce chasmothecia formation and, consequently, the potential for powdery mildew infestation in the subsequent season. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

中国草地固碳减排研究现状及其建议

随着经济的快速发展,温室气体的排放量不断增加,加之人类对自然资源的利用强度逐渐增加,导致全球生态系统的固碳能力减弱,大气中的温室气体浓度达到新高,所造成的温室效应已经成为国际社会普遍关注的重大全球性问题。中国草地碳汇资源得天独厚,发展草原碳汇经济成为履行国际承诺、打造碳汇新经济、建设美丽中国的重要载体。综述中国草地固碳减排现状及其影响因素,包括草地碳汇和家畜生产减排研究、气候变化背景下的草地碳汇、人工草地建设等方面,并提出中国草地固碳减排发展建议,以期为中国实现碳达峰、碳中和及草地固碳减排的贡献提供理论基础,为推动我国社会高质量发展、创造高品质生活提供坚实的技术支撑。     

Comparison between mainstream (Capnostat 5) and a low-flow sidestream capnometer (Capnostream) in mechanically ventilated,sevoflurane-anesthetized rabbits using a Bain coaxial delivery system

ObjectiveTo evaluate agreement between end-tidal carbon dioxide (Pe′CO₂) and PaCO₂ with sidestream and mainstream capnometers in mechanically ventilated anesthetized rabbits, with two ventilatory strategies.Study designProspective experimental study.AnimalsA total of 10 New Zealand White rabbits weighing 3.6 ± 0.3 kg (mean ± standard deviation).MethodsRabbits anesthetized with sevoflurane were intubated with an uncuffed endotracheal tube (3.0 mm internal diameter) and adequate seal. For Pe′CO₂, the sidestream capnometer sampling adapter or the mainstream capnometer was placed between the endotracheal tube and Bain breathing system (1.5 L minute^–1 oxygen). PaCO₂ was obtained from arterial blood collected every 5 minutes. A time-cycled ventilator delivered an inspiratory time of 1 second and 12 or 20 breaths minute^–1. Peak inspiratory pressure was initially set to achieve Pe′CO₂ normocapnia of 35–45 mmHg (4.6–6.0 kPa). A total of five paired Pe′CO₂ and PaCO₂ measurements were obtained with each ventilation mode for each capnometer. Anesthetic episodes were separated by 7 days. Agreement was assessed using Bland-Altman analysis and linear mixed models; p < 0.05.ResultsThere were 90 and 83 pairs for the mainstream and sidestream capnometers, respectively. The mainstream capnometer underestimated PaCO₂ by 12.6 ± 2.9 mmHg (proportional bias 0.44 ± 0.06 mmHg per 1 mmHg PaCO₂ increase). With the sidestream capnometer, ventilation mode had a significant effect on Pe′CO₂. At 12 breaths minute^–1, Pe′CO₂ underestimated PaCO₂ by 23.9 ± 8.2 mmHg (proportional bias: 0.81 ± 0.18 mmHg per 1 mmHg PaCO₂ increase). At 20 breaths minute^–1, Pe′CO₂ underestimated PaCO₂ by 38.8 ± 5.0 mmHg (proportional bias 1.13 ± 0.10 mmHg per 1 mmHg PaCO₂ increase).Conclusions and clinical relevanceBoth capnometers underestimated PaCO₂. The sidestream capnometer underestimated PaCO₂ more than the mainstream capnometer, and was affected by ventilation mode.     

Experimental Study of Multifunctional Acid to Deliquesce Stratum-jam

Aiming at the oneness of acid to deliquesce stratum-jam applied in scene at the present time,which is incapable of deliquescing complex dirty simultaneously,this article confects a new multifunctional O/W acid.This acid is an emulsified mixture containing 15% hydrochloric acid as its extro-posture,high dissolved oil as its internal state under the function of some proper exterior active reagent.It is composed of 0.5%OP-10,0.5%Span80,0.2%Tween80,0.06%imidazole and 0.01%twelve-alcohol,and the content of oil is equal to the acid content.It can be indicated that this acid has good ability of resolving mineral(CaCO_3,MgCO_3) and organic compound(mainly colloidal bitumen) when it was poured into the stratum,so that it can deliquesce oleic stratum-jam,resume and improve the penetrability of stratum,boost the ability of liquid flowing up.     

CO2-O2混合喷吹对铁液中C、V元素氧化的影响

为了验证用CO2替代部分O2进行转炉氧化提钒的可行性,在实验室进行了CO2-O2混合喷吹提钒模拟实验。结果显示C的氧化量与C的氧化速率随CO2含量的增加而升高;V的氧化量随CO2含量的增加而降低,其中CO2含量为20%与纯O2对C、V的氧化量接近;纯O2喷吹时C的氧化量为34.56%,V的氧化量为96.85%;CO2含量为20%混合气体喷吹时C的氧化量为36.83%,V的氧化量为93.29%;以V的相对氧化量与C的相对氧化量的比值(ΔV/ΔC)来衡量提钒保碳能力,CO2含量为20%的最终ΔV/ΔC为5.96,CO2含量,40%、60%、80%的最终ΔV/ΔC均小于3.8;反应前期,V的氧化速率随CO2含量的增加而升高,反应后期V的氧化速率随CO2含量的增加而降低。     

活性多肽提取分离方法研究进展

综述了近几年来生物活性多肽物质的分离和提纯方法,主要包括色谱、电泳等方法,以及这些方法在肽类研究中的应用现状。