施肥和覆盖模式对旱地冬小麦花后干物质转移、糖代谢及其籽粒产量的影响

选择不同的施肥(无机+有机)和覆盖模式,2012-2015年在典型的西北半干旱雨养农业区甘肃省农业科学院小麦研究所清水试验站进行大田试验,研究不同施肥+覆盖模式对旱地冬小麦干物质转移、糖代谢及其籽粒产量的影响,并分析糖含量与产量、物质转移之间的相关关系。结果表明,比较对照T₁(不施任何肥料),不同的施肥+覆盖模式均不同程度地提高了籽粒产量,依次为高量化肥+有机肥(T₆)>等量化肥+有机肥(T₄)>高量化肥+地膜覆盖(T₅)>等量化肥+地膜覆盖(T₃)>常规化肥(T₂)>不施肥(T₁)。增施有机肥(T₄、T₆)提高后期干物质转移量、转移比率、贡献率,增加粒重,并保证较高的有效成穗,从而增加籽粒产量,处理T₆、T₄分别比对照T₁增产119.22%和118.24%。地膜覆盖(T₃、T₅)增加了花后不同时期叶片、茎秆、叶鞘、颖壳干物质累积量和单穗粒数,为籽粒产量的提高奠定了基础。相反,地膜覆盖(T₃、T₅)降低干物质转移比率和贡献率。增施氮肥(T₃~T₆)提高了叶片干物质累积量,但过多的氮肥不利于籽粒增重,并降低了干物质转移比率和贡献率。不同的施肥+覆盖模式(T₂~T₆)降低了灌浆中前期(10、20 d )各个营养器官可溶性糖和蔗糖含量,延缓了前期叶片和叶鞘可溶性糖和蔗糖下降的速度,叶片、茎秆、叶鞘、颖壳可溶性糖含量下降最快的时期均在花后30~40 d,籽粒在花后10~20 d。相关分析表明,产量、株高、单位面积穗数、穗长、旗叶面积均与中前期(花后10、20 d)叶片、茎秆、叶鞘可溶性糖和蔗糖含量呈极显著和显著负相关。本研究结果证实,在甘肃旱地雨养农业区,结合有机肥施用(T₄、T₆),适当增加氮、磷用量完全能达到地膜覆盖对籽粒产量的增加,是更为持续、稳产的旱地小麦栽培模式。     

The effect of extended grazing time and supplementary forage on the dry matter intake and foraging behaviour of cattle kept under traditional African grazing systems

An experiment was carried out at Alemaya University in Ethiopia to investigate the effect of night kraaling on the dry matter intake (DMI), live weight gain (LWG) and foraging behaviour of Ogaden cattle. Three groups of four animals were given either 7 h access to pasture per day, simulating traditional grazing (TG) practice; extended grazing (EG) access for 11 h per day; or traditional grazing access plus a nocturnal forage supplement (TF). Live weight gain, DMI and foraging behaviour were measured during the late dry season (EP1) and the wet season (EP2). None of the treatments had any significant effect on either DMI or LWG during EP1 or EP2. Extending pasture access time from 7 h to 11 h did not significantly increase the amount time spent grazing, but grazing intensity was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced during the non-common grazing hours. Step rate was significantly lower (p < 0.01) during EP2 than during EP1 and bites per step were significantly higher (p < 0.001) during EP2 than EP1, indicating that animals had to travel a shorter distance before selecting material to eat during the wet season (EP2). Providing supplementary forage (TF) had no significant effect on any measured parameter. In this study neither of the two low-cost methods (EG and TF) of improving access to forage had any beneficial effect on cattle productivity. It is concluded that, under the prevailing conditions, the traditional grazing practices of this part of Ethiopia do provide sufficient pasture access time to achieve daily voluntary food intake.     

Effects of feeding roasted safflower seeds (variety IL-111) and fish oil on dry matter intake, performance and milk fatty acid profiles in dairy cattle

Safflower seed has the highest concentration of linoleic acid among 80 oilseeds but little information exists on the effective use of SS for lactation cows. It was hypothesised that a diet supplemented with an Iranian SS variety (IL-111) in combination with fish oil (FO) would result in higher concentrations of trans-18:1 (including vaccenic acid) and conjugated linoleic acids in milk fat than feeding an unsupplemented control diet. Our objective was to determine the effects of feeding diets containing: (i) Control: (C); (ii) 25 g of roasted SS IL-111 (RSS); (iii) 20 g FO and (iv) 25 g RSS + 10 g FO (RSS + FO) per kilogram of dietary DM on feed intake, ruminal fermentation, milk production and fatty acid profile. Eight multiparous Holstein cows were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design study. The experiment had four periods of 21 days. Milk Fat percentage was lower (p < 0.01) with FO supplementation and averaged 19.0 and 21.5 g/kg milk with FO and RSS + FO compared with 30.3 and 32.5 g/kg with C and RSS. Feed intake also was lower (p < 0.01) with FO vs. C (23.1 vs. 24.5 kg/day) but feeding RSS resulted in greater feed intake compared with other treatments (26 kg/day). Despite lower feed intake with FO, milk production did not change from controls but feeding RSS + FO resulted in greater milk yield than controls (42.6 vs. 39.3 kg/day). Ruminal pH was greater (p < 0.01) in cows fed FO than other treatments. Supplemental FO alone or in combination with RSS resulted in dramatic increases (p < 0.01) in c9,t11-18:2 in milk fat (12.7 and 13.2 g/day vs. 5.8 and 7.02 with C and RSS). It was surprising to note that 25 g/kg RSS can improve feed intake.     

不同类型藏羊消化率与采食量的比较研究

采食量是放牧家畜生产性能的重要影响因素,在草地生态系统中起重要作用。夏季在甘南夏河分别选取不同生理类群(羔羊、1岁母羊、2岁母羊、3岁母羊、4岁母羊、羯羊和种公羊)的欧拉型、甘加型和乔科型藏羊各4只进行试验。采用二氧化钛指示剂法与粪氮指数法分别测定藏羊排粪量和牧草有机物质消化率,从而计算放牧采食量,并对特征间的相关性进行研究。结果表明:欧拉型、乔科型和甘加型藏羊的平均放牧采食量分别为1031.93、834.59和956.15 g·d^-1,乔科型藏羊放牧采食量显著(P<0.05)小于欧拉型和甘加型藏羊。3个类型藏羊的每kg代谢体重采食量和干物质采食量占体重比差异均不显著(P>0.05)。欧拉型、乔科型和甘加型藏羊对夏河天然草地牧草的平均有机物质消化率分别为50.79%、47.22%和55.58%。欧拉型、乔科型和甘加型藏羊的平均排粪量分别为561.26、484.06和466.74 g·d^-1,其中欧拉型藏羊的排粪量显著高于其他两个类型。试验在高寒地区天然草地研究不同类型藏羊的排粪量、有机物质消化率和放牧采食量,旨在为该地区放牧藏羊的科学饲养与管理提供理论依据。     

Effect of amino acid deficiency on precaecal amino acid digestibility in broiler chickens

In this study, we determined whether deficient dietary amino acid (AA) concentrations influence the precaecal (pc) AA digestibility when determined using the regression approach. We mixed two basal diets. Basal diet 1 was deficient in essential AAs, whereas adequate AA concentrations were ensured in basal diet 2 by adding free AAs. Rapeseed cake and full‐fat soya beans as test ingredients were included in the basal diets at levels of 100 and 200, and 150 and 300 g/kg, respectively, at the expense of maize starch. Each diet was tested with six replicates of 10 broiler chickens each. The feed intake of the chickens that were fed diets based on basal diet 2 was similar, whereas the feed intake of the chickens that were fed diets based on basal diet 1 differed considerably. The numerical differences in pc AA digestibility determined with basal diet 1 or 2 ranged from 2.6 percentage points to 20.8 percentage points in rapeseed cake and from 0.5 percentage points to 15.2 percentage points in soya beans. Across all measured AAs, the average differences were 10.1 percentage points and 5.4 percentage points in rapeseed cake and soya beans, respectively. The differences in the estimated pc AA digestibility between the basal diets were probably caused by different basal endogenous AA losses in the digesta between treatments as a consequence of different feed intake. Adequate AA concentrations and test ingredient levels that are specifically adjusted to avoid a negative effect on feed intake are recommended for future studies.     

山东省羊常用粗饲料营养价值评定

试验旨在综合评价从山东省17个市采集的羊常用粗饲料原料的营养价值。试验测定了109个样本10种常用原料的常规营养成分及总能(GE),应用两级离体消化法测定干物质消化率(IVDMD),以计算消化能(DE)和代谢能(ME),并根据预测干物质随意采食量(DMI),进而计算出分级指数(GI)。结果表明,不同粗饲料间的常规养分的差异不能准确地评价饲料营养价值;以NDF、ADF所得GI综合评价粗饲料中营养价值得到苜蓿>冬牧70>地瓜秧>羊草>花生秧>青贮玉米秸>玉米秸>水稻秸>豆秸>麦秸;IVDMD与NDF、ADF均呈显著负相关,而与CP呈显著正相关;DE与NDF、ADF相关性较强,且均呈负相关。     

The long-term effects of fire regime on primary production of montane grasslands in South Africa

Natural grasslands deliver essential ecosystem services through plant production, which enhances water supply, nutrient cycling, soil retention and greenhouse gas mitigation. Although the condition of montane grasslands for provision of ecosystem services is maintained by regular annual or biennial burning, controversy exists over the impact of different frequencies and seasons of burning on grassland productivity. The objective of this study was to determine the long-term effects of different burning regimes on primary production and quality of the montane grasslands of the KwaZulu-Natal Drakensberg. There were no significant differences in the mean standing live mass between 30 years of annual winter and biennial spring burning. However, in unburnt areas productivity was 20% lower (118.2?g m?2) than in regularly burnt grassland (144.7–154.5?g m?2). Crude protein did not vary between the annual winter and biennial spring treatments (95–113?kg ha?1), but was significantly lower in unburned areas (45?kg ha^?1). However, an infrequent fire in a protected area caused a temporary spike in crude protein (16%) compared with regular burning (5–10%), which can benefit wildlife. We conclude that montane grasslands can be burnt annually or biennially in the dormant season to promote long-term productivity.     

产漆酶真菌对高寒草甸土壤有机质矿化特性的研究

为了了解产漆酶微生物真菌对高寒草甸土壤有机质的矿化作用及其特性,实验采用室内密闭静置培养法,对添加产漆酶真菌Marasmius tricolor 310b发酵粗酶液对高寒草甸土壤生物活性有机碳库的影响进行了研究。结果表明：与对照组相比,添加产漆酶真菌Marasmius tricolor 310b发酵粗酶液后,在整个培养期内土壤CO₂释放量和微生物生物量碳含量随培养时间的延长,呈现不断下降的趋势,35 d后趋于稳定;在整个培养周期,微生物呼吸熵的变化总体呈对数降低趋势,处理组符合方程y=-9.964ln （x）+32.281（R²=0.9744）,对照组符合方程y=-9.788ln （x）+28.683（R²=0.95）,处理组土壤CO₂的累计释放量始终高于对照组（P<0.05）,说明菌株310b促进了土壤有机质矿化作用。土壤有机碳含量在培养前期开始降低,但差异不显著,15 d后处理组的土壤有机碳含量低于对照组（P<0.05）,说明不同阶段产漆酶真菌对有机质的周转速率不同,推测产漆酶真菌对有机质的转化作用与土壤环境条件有关。     

有机酸肠道调节剂对奶牛产奶量、采食量和主要DHI指标的作用效果研究

目的 为研究有机酸肠道调节剂对奶牛产奶量、采食量和主要DHI 指标的作用效果。方法 选择388 头泌乳母牛,根据体重、产奶量、泌乳天数,按照随机区组设计分为两组,1组为对照组（日粮不添加肠道调节剂）、2组为试验组（日粮中每头每天添加48 g有机酸为主要成分的肠道调节剂）。结果 试验组比对照组产奶量平均提高了1.1 kg/d·头（P<0.05）,干物质采食量平均增加0.84 kg/d·头（P<0.05）,乳脂肪含量增加0.20 个百分点（P<0.05）,乳中脂蛋比显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,对乳蛋白含量、体细胞计数（万个/mL）、体细胞评分、乳尿素氮含量无影响。结论 在日粮中添加有机酸肠道调节剂能够提高奶牛产奶量、干物质采食量和乳中脂肪含量。     

施氮对苜蓿初花期光合日变化、叶片形态及干物质产量的影响

通过研究不同氮素水平下滴灌苜蓿叶片形态特征、光合日变化规律,分析不同施氮水平下滴灌苜蓿光合日变化、叶片形态与干物质产量的关系,以期进一步揭示施氮对紫花苜蓿干物质及产量形成的影响机制,进而为优化实际生产中紫花苜蓿的氮管理策略提供理论依据。采用单因素随机区组设计,设置0(CK)、60(N₁)、120(N₂)和180kg·hm^-2(N₃)共4个施氮水平,在紫花苜蓿初花期对光合日变化、叶片形态、叶片氮含量和苜蓿产量构成进行测定。结果表明,施氮处理下苜蓿的叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率均高于不施氮处理,施氮处理的苜蓿叶片胞间CO₂浓度低于不施氮处理。对净光合速率和蒸腾速率综合影响最大的环境因子是光合有效辐射。随着施氮量的增加,紫花苜蓿的叶长、叶宽、叶面积、比叶重,以及叶片干重、茎秆干重、干物质产量、叶片氮含量、淀粉和可溶性糖含量均呈先增加后降低的趋势。不同施氮水平下,对叶片形态结构影响最大的为叶面积,其次分别为比叶重、叶长和叶宽,对苜蓿干物质产量影响从大到小依次为叶片氮含量>...