大豆高脂肪组合初世代脂肪含量遗传与亲本相关性研究ⅠF2代脂肪含量遗传与亲本相关性初探

采用NCII设计,配成8个组合,选择高产或高脂肪的7个大豆亲本.试验结果表明,F2代脂肪含量的变异大小与双亲脂肪含量的差异有关,双亲的差异越大,F2代脂肪含量的变异程度也越大.双亲脂肪含量均高,且双亲熟期差异较大,F2代出现高脂肪材料的几率高.F2代脂肪含量与父本的脂肪含量呈一定的正相关,但不显著;与母本脂肪含量及中亲值呈极显著的正相关.     

Carbon sequestration,vegetation dynamics and soil development in the Boreal Transition ecoregion of Saskatchewan during the Holocene

Boreal forest soils have the potential to sequester large amounts of carbon by accumulating charcoal from fire. Some suggest that sequestration rates could be large enough to account for some of the missing sink in the global CO₂ budget, but further data on soil charcoal pools are necessary to adequately develop boreal carbon budgets under a changing climate and fire regime. The primary objective of this study was to determine the amount of charred wood in surface mineral soil horizons (Ah) of the Boreal Transition of Saskatchewan, a fire-prone grassland forest ecotone region of western Canada. A second objective was to use the charcoal data to infer vegetation dynamics and the development of these Ah horizons as a function of parent material type, i.e. glacio-fluvial, glacio-lacustrine and glacial till. The latter objective served to provide information in regards to future vegetation shifts and ecosystem C budgets of Boreal Plain ecosystems under climatic warming. The carbon fraction measured as charcoal is an important component of organic matter in Ah horizons of Chernozemic soils in Saskatchewan and differs from the classical model of humus fractions in Chernozems which suggests that it is a system created from microbial degradation of root litter only. The carbon sequestered as charcoal within the whole ecoregion was estimated at 36.1 Tg, which is the lower limit of the global annual rate of charcoal accumulation in terrestrial environments estimated from experimental fires. Charcoal pools were consistently lower in the fluvial soils relative to the lacustrine and till soils. We suggest a model where dry conditions and low water availability prevailing under the coarser fluvial soils during the Holocene favoured the dominance of low productivity herbaceous vegetation that led to a high ash to charcoal production ratio from fire and to the development of relatively thick Ah horizons through below ground additions of organic matter from root decay. We propose that the more available water in lacustrine and till soils favoured the growth of trembling aspen which, through less frequent/intense fires relative to grasslands and incomplete burning of the woody material, led to high charcoal accumulation rates in soil. The development of thick Ah horizons in lacustrine soils likely occurred during a warm and dry period of the early Holocene (i.e. the hypsithermal) when herbaceous vegetation invaded forested land or during dry spells in the mid to late Holocene (e.g. the Medieval Warm Period) when opening of forest canopies occurred, thus augmenting light transmission to the forest floor and favouring the growth of herbaceous vegetation in the understory. Such events did not create deep Ah horizons in the tills soils as a consistent rock impediment near the surface limited the penetration of understory roots at greater depth. These results suggest that fluvial sites my be the first shifting to herbaceous vegetation in the future due to climatic warming, followed by till sites and then lacustrine sites.     

不同母质类型发育土壤颗粒组成分形特征

为探讨母质类型对土壤粒径分布非均匀性和土壤结构异质性的影响,采用激光粒度分析方法和分形理论,研究了冲积物﹑花岗岩残积物﹑第四纪红黏土及浅海沉积物四种母质类型发育土壤的颗粒组成﹑分形特征及土壤理化性质对颗粒组成及分形参数的影响。结果表明:(1)花岗岩残积物以及浅海沉积物发育的土壤粒径分布范围大,大颗粒含量高,非均匀性较小。冲积物和第四纪红黏土发育的土壤颗粒集中分布在2～200μm的细颗粒区域,异质性较大。(2)从土壤颗粒体积单分形维数(D值)看,母质类型对不同发生层颗粒组成的均匀性影响有所差异。冲积物和花岗岩残积物发育的土壤颗粒分布的不均匀性从A层向C层递减,浅海沉积物发育的土壤从A层向C层,颗粒分布的不均匀性递增,第四纪红黏土发育的土壤三个发生层颗粒分布的均匀性相近;从D0值看,母质类型对不同发生层颗粒组成的分布范围影响较小。(3)不同母质类型土壤的pH﹑CEC﹑游离氧化物﹑蛭石及高岭石含量等与土壤粒径分布的异质性和分布范围表现出的差异一致(P<0.05)。以上结论表明,母质类型对土壤粒径分布及分形特征影响显著。     

四川盆地西缘土壤阳离子交换量的特征及影响因素

土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)因其对土壤肥力保护及污染评估具有重要意义而受到日益重视。对四川盆地西缘黄壤、黄棕壤、水稻土、紫色土、潮土和石灰土CEC进行系统比较及影响因素研究,结果表明:黄壤、水稻土和紫色土CEC显著低于黄棕壤(P<0.05),显著高于潮土(P<0.05)。同时,土壤CEC与年均温、积温呈负相关关系(P<0.01),而与年均降水量和湿润指数呈二次函数关系(P<0.01);山地土壤的CEC显著高于平原和丘陵土壤(P<0.05),且土壤CEC随海拔增加而极显著上升(P<0.01);冰碛物发育土壤的CEC显著高于河流冲积物和紫色粉砂岩发育土壤(P<0.05)。主成分分析结果表明,温度和降水组成的气候因素为该区土壤CEC的决定性影响因素。