干旱处理迫对花生品种叶片保护酶活性和渗透物质含量的影响

以花育22和花育25为试验材料,利用防雨棚池栽人工模拟干旱胁迫逆境试验,调查苗期、花针期和结荚期水分胁迫对花生叶片膜脂过氧化、渗透调节物质含量和保护酶活性的影响。结果表明,干旱处理初期,两品种抗氧化系统和渗透调节物质各成分的反应并不完全一致,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、可溶性蛋白质(Pr)、游离氨基酸(AA)、脯氨酸含量(Pro)显著升高,但随干旱处理进行,其活性明显降低,保护酶活性与渗透调节物质降低时间基本同步,POD活性对水分胁迫的响应较弱, 丙二醛(MDA)含量显著升高,随干旱处理历时延长,含量降低,其降低时间滞后于保护酶活性,花育22 MDA含量高于花育25;各生育期干旱处理结束后,SOD、CAT、Pr、AA、Pro含量明显升高,且在水分敏感的花针期升幅均较大;苗期干旱对生育后期保护酶及渗透调节能力的影响较小; SOD和CAT是花生适应抗旱胁迫的主要抗氧化酶,各渗透调节物质调节能力表现为可溶性蛋白质>可溶性糖>游离氨基酸>脯氨酸;花育25抗旱适应能力较强。     

土壤盐胁迫下宁夏枸杞的生理反应

以宁夏枸杞(LyciumbarbarumL.)主要栽培品种宁杞一号为试验材料,研究了不同浓度土壤盐胁迫下宁夏枸杞渗透调节、光合作用、抗氧化保护系统和糖代谢等生理性状的变化,结果显示:Na鄄Cl胁迫下,宁夏枸杞渗透调节物质以无机离子为主,主要为Na 和Cl-,并随外界盐浓度的增加而增加,K 则呈现下降的趋势,叶部积累的无机离子总量高于根部,枸杞根系质膜和液泡膜H -ATPase活性逐渐增强,且液泡膜H -ATPase活性高于质膜H -ATPase活性;在等渗的PEG6000处理下,有机溶质(甜菜碱,氨基酸,可溶性糖,有机酸)含量明显增加。盐胁迫下枸杞叶片光合作用总体呈现下降的趋势,在土壤盐浓度小于6g/kgNaCl胁迫范围时,光合作用PSⅡ的光化学活性保持较强的稳定性,Pn的下降主要受气孔限制,在盐分浓度大于6g/kgNaCl时,Pn的下降的原因是非气孔限制因素引起的。外源甜菜碱对盐胁迫下枸杞叶片膜质过氧化具有较好的缓解作用。通过钌红标记定位电镜观察发现盐胁迫下枸杞叶片细胞壁表面糖蛋白层明显增厚,并且随NaCl浓度增加而增厚、致密,当浓度超过9g/kgNaCl时,其细胞璧糖蛋白层开始疏松并大量的脱落。     

渗透调节对茄子种子萌发特性及芽期酶活性和膜透性的影响

研究聚乙烯醇、硝酸钾、混合盐3种渗调处理对茄子种子萌发的效应,以及萌发时酶及膜透性的变化。结果表明,3种渗调处理均可提高种子发芽速度和出苗整齐度。其中以1%聚乙烯醇效果最好,贮藏180 d后其渗调效果无显著变化,硝酸钾和混合盐渗调种子贮藏180 d后发芽率降低,渗调效果减弱。渗透调节的种子芽期过氧化物酶活性升高,过氧化氢酶活性前期升高后期降低,种子的电导率和丙二醛含量下降。     

Influence of dietary <Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">l</Emphasis>-selenomethionine exposure on the survival and osmoregulatory capacity of white sturgeon in fresh and brackish water

Near simultaneous exposure to selenium and salinity stress is an environmental reality faced by white sturgeon juveniles in the San Francisco Bay-Delta, having the potential for adverse synergistic impacts on juveniles during seaward migration. White sturgeon juveniles (36–132 g) were transferred into higher salinities (15–20 ppth) after exposure to dietary selenium (0.4, 9.6, 20.5, 41.7, 89.8, or 191.1 μg Se/g diet) in the form of l-selenomethionine (SeMet) for 8 weeks in freshwater (0 ppth). White sturgeon fed above 41.7 μg Se/g diet experienced significant (P < 0.05) declines in survival relative to sturgeon fed between 0.4 and 41.7 μg Se/g diet when transferred into brackish water (15 ppth salinity) for 3 days. Plasma osmolality and ionic concentrations in white sturgeon after abrupt transfer correlated positively with dietary Se concentrations. Transfer of white sturgeon fed above 41.7 μg Se/g diet into 20 ppth brackish water for 1 day resulted in significant declines in survival relative to white sturgeon fed 0.4–41.7 μg Se/g diet. Hematocrit and dehydrational weight loss were significantly correlated with dietary Se concentrations while plasma osmolality and ion concentrations were not. The transfer of sturgeon into 20 ppth water for 3 days resulted in severe survival declines in all treatment groups. The results of this study suggest that the previously established threshold for Se toxicity (10–20 μg Se/g) is sufficient to protect white sturgeon from the adverse interactive affects resulting from increases in dietary Se and ambient water salinity.     

亚精胺对渗透胁迫下小麦幼苗渗透调节物质含量和脯氨酸代谢酶活性的影响

为了探讨多胺提高小麦抗旱性的机理,以两个抗旱性不同的小麦品种(豫麦48,抗旱性较弱;洛麦22,抗旱性较强)为材料,研究了亚精胺对短期渗透胁迫下小麦幼苗叶片渗透调节物质含量以及脯氨酸代谢的调控效应。结果表明,渗透胁迫下,两个小麦品种幼苗叶片中脯氨酸、葡萄糖和蔗糖含量增加,且抗旱性较强的洛麦22增加幅度显著大于抗旱性较弱的豫麦48;脯氨酸代谢关键酶Δ1-吡咯啉-5-羧酸合成酶(P5CS)和Δ1-吡咯啉-5-羧酸还原酶(P5CR)活性增强,且洛麦22的P5CS活性增强幅度大于P5CR。但渗透胁迫处理对两个品种鸟氨酸转氨酶(OAT)活性影响不大。外源亚精胺处理则进一步提高了渗透胁迫下脯氨酸、葡萄糖、蔗糖含量以及P5CS和P5CR活性,且对抗旱性较弱的豫麦48效应较明显,但对两个品种的OAT活性基本没什么影响。这些结果表明,外源亚精胺处理能通过提高脯氨酸合成代谢谷氨酸途径的关键酶P5CS和P5CR的活性促进脯氨酸和可溶性糖的积累,从而提高小麦幼苗的保水性,增强其抗旱性,对抗旱性较弱的小麦品种的效果更加明显。     

脱落酸、水杨酸和钙对黄瓜幼苗抗冷性的诱导效应

为了探明脱落酸(ABA)、水杨酸(SA)和氯化钙(CaCl2)对黄瓜幼苗抗冷性的影响及其生理机制,以津优35号黄瓜幼苗为试材,叶面喷施0.1 mmol.L-1 ABA、1 mmol·L-1 SA和10 mmol·L-1 CaCl2,以喷洒去离子水为对照(CK),在光照培养箱中进行低温(昼/夜温度8℃/5℃,光量子通量密度为100μmol.m-2·s-1)处理.结果表明,低温胁迫可使黄瓜幼苗的冷害指数、电解质渗漏率(EL)、丙二醛(MDA)和过氧化氢(H2O2)含量显著升高.随着胁迫时间的延长,过氧化物酶(POD)活性逐渐升高,而超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性先升高,后降低;脯氨酸与可溶性糖含量明显增加.胁迫前经ABA、SA和CaCl2预处理,黄瓜幼苗的冷害指数分别比CK降低50.0％、40.0％和47.1％,EL和MDA含量的增加幅度明显减小,胁迫初期H2O2含量增加幅度大于CK,但24 h后呈下降趋势,72 h时分别比CK降低27.9％、27.5％和34.4％;抗氧化酶活性及脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量显著高于CK.说明ABA、SA和CaCl2对黄瓜幼苗抗冷性有明显的诱导效应,这种效应与抗氧化酶活性提高和渗透调节能力增强有关.     

Osmoregulation in juvenile Chinese sturgeon (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Acipenser sinensis</Emphasis> Gray) during brackish water adaptation

The osmoregulation capabilities of 7-month-old juvenile Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis Gray) (128.8 ± 15 g) transferred directly from fresh water (0‰, 46 mOsmol kg⁻¹) to brackish water (10‰, 273 mOsmol kg⁻¹) were studied over a 20-day period. Changes in serum osmolarity, chloride (Cl⁻), sodium (Na⁺), potassium (K⁺) and calcium (Ca²⁺) ion concentrations, as well as gill and spiral valve Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase activities were measured at 3, 12, 24, 72, 216 and 480 h after transfer to BW. The serum osmolarity and ion concentrations (Na⁺, Cl⁻ and Ca²⁺) increased immediately after the transference to BW, reaching maximum at 24 h and returned to a new steady state at 216 h, while the FW control group maintained basal levels which showed lower (P < 0.05) than the BW group. Gill Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase activity of BW group exhibited an abrupt decrease in the first 3 h after transfer, but began to increase at 3 h, reaching a peak value at 24 h, and returned to a new steady state at 216 h. The differences between gill Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase activity of BW and FW fish were significant (P < 0.05) after 12 h. In contrast, Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase activity of the spiral valve showed transient increase after transference from FW to BW, and then decreased rapidly at 3 h, reaching the lowest at 24 h after transference. At 216 h after exposure to BW, Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase activities of the spiral valve increased slowly to the levels of FW control. The results of our study indicate the existence of hyposmoregulatory adaptive mechanisms in 7-month-old juvenile Chinese sturgeon which enable this fish to acclimate itself successfully to brackish water.     

苜蓿抗寒机理及抗寒育种研究进展

从渗透调节、过氧化作用、低温诱导蛋白、光合作用4个方面论述了苜蓿适应低温胁迫的机理,简介了苜蓿抗寒性育种研究进展,提出了尚待进一步研究的问题。     

中华鲟幼鱼渗透调节器官组织结构在海水条件下的适应性调整

本研究以淡水养殖中华鲟(Acipense rsinensis)幼鱼为研究对象,采用连续升盐的方式实施海水驯化实验,对驯化过程中不同盐度下中华鲟幼鱼渗透调节器官鳃、肾和肠组织结构进行比较研究,以期了解各器官在渗透调节过程中的适应性变化.结果显示,中华鲟幼鱼在海水条件下存活率达100％;海水驯化过程中,随着盐度的升高,中华...     

A theoretical analysis of microbial eco-physiological and diffusion limitations to carbon cycling in drying soils

Soil microbes face highly variable moisture conditions that force them to develop adaptations to tolerate or avoid drought. Drought conditions also limit the supply of vital substrates by inhibiting diffusion in dry conditions. How these biological and physical factors affect carbon (C) cycling in soils is addressed here by means of a novel process-based model. The model accounts for different microbial response strategies, including different modes of osmoregulation, drought avoidance through dormancy, and extra-cellular enzyme production. Diffusion limitations induced by low moisture levels for both extra-cellular enzymes and solutes are also described and coupled to the biological responses. Alternative microbial life-history strategies, each encoded in a set of model parameters, are considered and their effects on C cycling assessed both in the long term (steady state analysis) and in the short term (transient analysis during soil drying and rewetting). Drought resistance achieved by active osmoregulation requiring large C investment is not useful in soils where growth in dry conditions is limited by C supply. In contrast, dormancy followed by rapid reactivation upon rewetting seems to be a better strategy in such conditions. Synthesizing more enzymes may also be advantageous because it causes larger accumulation of depolymerized products during dry periods that can be used upon rewetting. Based on key model parameters, a spectrum of life-history strategies thus emerges, providing a possible classification of microbial responses to drought.