Simulation of optimal harvesting strategies for small-scale mixed-sex tilapia (Oreochromis shiranus Boulenger 1896) ponds using a bio-economic model

A cohort‐based bio‐economic biomass growth and economic model, validated with data from experiments conducted in Malawi, was used to identify an optimal harvesting strategy for mixed‐sex tilapia ponds. Three harvesting scenarios (baseline, economic optimum time +10 days and economic optimum time) were used. In each harvesting scenario four options were explored: (i) no further harvest, harvest every (ii) 60 days, (iii) 90 days and (iv) 120 days after initial harvest. The lowest simulated yield (487 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) was obtained when no partial harvesting was carried out and fish were harvested after 365 days. Maximum yield (4416 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) was obtained when partial harvests were carried out every 90 days starting with a first harvest of fish weighing 60 g or more at day 90. Maximum financial returns (US$2561 ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) were obtained when partial harvests were carried out every 120 days starting with the first harvest at day 90 and removing all fish ≥60 g. The model simulations indicate that mixed‐sex tilapia culture may be profitable for tilapia farmers in Africa where markets accept small (60–150 g)‐sized fish. The study further shows that a cohort‐based population growth model can be reliably incorporated in tilapia production models to simulate fish yields in mixed‐sex tilapia production systems. However, incorporation of intergenerational competition effects could improve the model's utility as a decision support tool for managing mixed‐sex tilapia production.     

养殖水温对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼血清和肝脏1H-NMR代谢组的影响

基于¹H-NMR的代谢组学方法研究饲养水温对罗非鱼的肝脏和血清代谢特征的影响。实验选用初始体重为(38.75±0.61g)的吉富罗非鱼在不同温度(22、28和34℃,分别标记为LT,MT和HT组)条件下饲养8周。结果显示:在血清中,代谢物的变化包括乳酸、脯氨酸、葡萄糖、柠檬酸、反式-4-羟基、乙醇、肌酸、亮氨酸、甜菜碱、缬氨酸、谷氨酰胺、三甲胺、甘露糖、酪氨酸和肌酐,主要参与糖酵解、胆碱代谢和脂质代谢。差异代谢物中LT组乳酸、反式-4-羟基、肌酸、葡萄糖、脯氨酸、亮氨酸和缬氨酸的含量高于MT组,HT组除葡萄糖、谷氨酰胺及甘露糖外均高于MT组。肝脏组织代谢物的变化包括麦芽糖、谷氨酸、亮氨酸、赖氨酸、精氨酸、缬氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酰胺、异亮氨酸、牛磺酸、酪氨酸、丙氨酸、苏氨酸、苯丙氨酸、蛋氨酸,主要参与糖代谢和氨基酸代谢。LT组15种差异代谢物含量均高于MT组和HT组,MT组麦芽糖、谷氨酸盐、赖氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酰胺、牛磺酸和苏氨酸浓度高于HT组。以上结果表明:低温降低了吉富罗非鱼对氨基酸及氨基酸衍生物的利用率,进而影响吉富罗非鱼的生长速度和饲料利用率;高温组实验鱼的生长表现与适温组无显著差异,但代谢组结果显示高温饲养显著影响了吉富罗非鱼的胆碱代谢和脂质代谢。     

奥利亚罗非鱼雌激素β受体两种亚型cDNA的克隆、组织分布及雌激素对其表达的影响

采用RT-PCR和RACE技术,克隆了奥利亚罗非鱼β雌激素受体基因(estrogen receptorβ,ERβ)两种亚型的cDNA全序列(ERβ1和ERβ2)。荧光定量PCR分析雌雄奥利亚罗非鱼两种亚型的组织分布,并观察注射外源雌激素对雄性奥利亚罗非鱼下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴雌激素受体ERα和β(β1/β2)基因表达的影响。序列分析表明,ERβ1cDNA全长为4262bp,其中包含239bp5′非编码区,2349bp3′非编码区和1674bp的开放阅读框,共编码557个氨基酸。ERβ2 cDNA全长为2506bp,包含5′非编码区393bp,3′非编码区109bp,阅读框为2004bp,共编码667个氨基酸。氨基酸序列同源性分析显示奥利亚罗非鱼ERβ1与尼罗罗非鱼的相似性高达99.1%,而与鲈形目其它鱼类的相似性为82.6%～94.2%。ERβ2氨基酸序列与尼罗罗非鱼的相似性为98.7%,与大口黑鲈、虹鳟、底鳉及斑马鱼的相似性分别为81.8%、76.3%、64.7%和55.0%。在系统进化树上奥利亚罗非鱼的ERβ1和ERβ2分别与尼罗罗非鱼的相应受体聚类。奥利亚罗非鱼ERβ1/β2基因在所检测的10种组织中均有...     

Evaluation of visible implant elastomer tags for pathogenesis research in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Two different colours (red and green) of visible implant elastomer (VIE) were used in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The visibility, location and retention of the VIE tags was investigated and any adverse effects on fish survival and growth determined. The use of VIE tags for monitoring individual fish during a bacterial challenge with either Streptococcus agalactiae or S. iniae was also studied. The results showed that VIE treated fish were lighter but not shorter than the non‐tagged control fish and that tagging caused no mortality. The retention of tags was better at the base of pectoral fin followed by the nasal area, lower abdomen, upper abdomen and branchiostegal rays inside the operculum. During the bacterial challenge experiment individual animals could be easily identified using the VIE tags. In this preliminary study, VIE tagging appears suitable for Nile tilapia research, as with other fish species, and could be a novel method to identify individual animals during microbial pathogenesis studies.     

吉富罗非鱼成鱼胆碱的最适需要量

选用初始体质量为(220.00±8.34) g的吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)360尾, 随机分成6组,每组3重复(每重复20尾), 于1 m×1 m×1.5 m池塘网箱中饲养。分别饲喂胆碱含量为97.80(对照组)、375.04、565.74、974.27、      1 409.81、1 824.35 mg/kg的半纯化饲料10周, 研究胆碱对吉富罗非鱼成鱼生长、饲料利用、鱼体营养组成、胆碱蓄积量及部分血液生化指标的影响。结果显示, 经过10周的饲喂, 饲料中添加胆碱可显著提高鱼体增重率、特定生长率和饲料效率(P<0.05); 降低肝脂肪含量(P<0.05), 提高肌肉脂肪含量(P<0.05); 显著升高肝胆碱蓄积量(P<0.05); 胆碱添加组血清甘油三酯(TG)和总胆固醇(T-CHO)显著高于对照组(P<0.05), 并随饲料胆碱含量增加呈现升高的趋势; 肝甘油三酯(TG)和总胆固醇(T-CHO)随着胆碱含量的增加而显著降低(P<0.05); 血清谷草转氨酶(ALT)、谷丙转氨酶(AST)和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)均随着饲料胆碱含量的增大而显著降低(P<0.05)。结果表明, 饲料中添加适量的胆碱可以改善吉富罗非鱼成鱼的生长性能, 提高饲料利用效率, 降低肝脂肪含量, 促进肝脂肪转运; 对特定生长率进行回归分析, 得出吉富罗非鱼成鱼对饲料中胆碱的最低需要量为506.43 mg/kg, 而对肝胆碱蓄积量回归分析得出的需要量为981.38 mg/kg。

     

盐碱胁迫对尼罗罗非鱼鳃Na+/HCO3-共转运子、碳酸酐酶基因表达的影响

为了探讨盐碱胁迫条件下鱼类渗透生理调节机制,以尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)为实验材料, PCR扩增得到了Na⁺/HCO₃^-共转运子(NBCe1)基因cDNA部分序列,比较了单盐(盐度10、盐度15)、单碱(1.5 g/L、3 g/L NaHCO₃)、盐碱混合(盐度10,碱度1.5 g/L;盐度15,碱度3 g/L)胁迫后不同时间(0 h、6 h、12 h、24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h)血清渗透压、离子浓度(Na⁺、K⁺、Cl^-、Ca²⁺)以及鳃碳酸酐酶(CA)活性、CA与NBCe1基因mRNA表达变化。结果显示,不同胁迫条件下,血清渗透压、离子浓度、鳃组织CA酶活、CA与NBCe1基因mRNA表达变化均与胁迫强度呈正相关。随时间推移,血清渗透压、离子浓度呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势,单盐、盐碱混合组血清渗透压值较单碱组高。单盐、单碱、盐碱混合组中, NBCe1基因mRNA在鳃中均呈略微上调,但不显著(P>0.05)。单碱组和盐碱混合组鳃CA活性较单盐组高,低盐碱胁迫(盐度10,碱度1.5 g/L)下CA活性较晚达最高值;不同胁迫条件下, CA基因mRNA表达均表现上调,单碱、盐碱混合组更为显著(P<0.05),推测CA较NBCe1对体内HCO₃^-转运作用更为显著。研究结果为尼罗罗非鱼盐碱适应生理调节提供了基础资料。     

Development of attenuated erythromycin‐resistant Streptococcus agalactiae vaccine for tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) culture

Streptococcus agalactiae is an important pathogen in fish, causing great losses of intensive tilapia farming. To develop a potential live attenuated vaccine, a re‐attenuated S. agalactiae (named TFJ‐ery) was developed from a natural low‐virulence S. agalactiae strain TFJ0901 through selection of resistance to erythromycin. The biological characteristics, virulence, stability and the immunization protective efficacy to tilapia of TFJ‐ery were determined. The results indicated that TFJ‐ery grew at a slower rate than TFJ0901. The capsule thickness of TFJ‐ery was significantly less (p < 0.05) than TFJ0901. When Nile tilapia were intraperitoneally (IP) injected with TFJ‐ery, the mortality of fish was decreased than that injected with TFJ0901. The RPS of fish immunized with TFJ‐ery at a dose of 5.0 × 10⁷ CFU was 95.00%, 93.02% and 100.00% at 4, 8 and 16 weeks post‐vaccination, respectively. ELISA results showed that the vaccinated fish produced significantly higher (p < 0.05) antibody titres compared to those of control at 2 or 4 weeks post‐vaccination. Taken together, our results suggest that erythromycin could be used to attenuate S. agalactiae, and TFJ‐ery is a potent attenuated vaccine candidate to protect tilapia against S. agalactiae infections.     

奥尼罗非鱼水库网箱养殖技术

2008年4月～10月,在福建尤溪水东水库开展奥尼罗非鱼水库网箱集约化养殖试验,结果表明：投放平均体重为27g的奥尼雄性罗非鱼,经过190d的饲养,鱼体平均体重1062g,产品符合水产品质量安全要求,平均成活率达98．0％,饲料系数为1．7,平均盈利244元／m^2,创造了良好的经济效益。本文从水源条件、养殖设施、养殖密度、饲料和饲养管理等方面,总结了福建尤溪水东水库罗非鱼网箱健康养殖的技术要点,为福建溪流型水库开展罗非鱼网箱健康养殖提供参考。     

Productivity and Economics of Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Cage Culture in South-East Brazil

ABSTRACT

Fish cage culture is an intensive, continuous-flow fish farming system, allowing intensive exploitation of water bodies with relatively low capital investment. This study aimed to determine the production function of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, in cages; the profit-maximizing biomass at 300–400 and 500–600 fish per m³ for cages of different volumes; and the influence of water body conditions in fish performance. Feed intake, survival rate, and water temperature were monitored daily; dissolved oxygen, pH, and transparency of water were monitored each 15 days. Caged tilapia were fed daily on commercial, floating pellets (32% crude protein) at 0900, 1300, and 1700, and feeding rate was adjusted based on weight gain and survival rate. Data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA (P = 0.05) and regression analysis; the Mitscherlich function was chosen to represent the production function. Carrying capacity of both stocking densities reached 200 kg/m³ and no differences were found (P > 0.05) regarding accumulated biomass and individual average weight over time. The larger stocking density yielded larger accumulated biomass and had better feeding efficiency and no differences between individual average weights of fish at both densities were observed (P > 0.05). Profit-maximizing biomass at 500–600 fish/m³ was 145 kg/m³ and at 300–400 fish/m³ was 121 kg/m³. Cage farming of Nile tilapia at 500–600 fish/m³, individual average weight 283 g, presented many advantages: optimization of space and production time, better feed efficiency, higher fish production per unit volume of cages, and increased profitability.     

我国主要养殖罗非鱼的16S rRNA序列特征分析

对我国主要养殖的尼罗、奥利亚、莫桑比克、杂交种尼奥（尼罗♀×奥利亚♂）和红罗非鱼（莫桑比克×尼罗）的线粒体16S rRNA部分序列进行了PCR扩增和测序分析,探讨罗非鱼种间亲缘关系和种类鉴别标记。PCR产物经直接测序,5种罗非鱼中大部分个体均获得长546 bp的基因序列。其碱基组成GC含量为47.4%。序列比对分析显示变异位点18个,没有插入/缺失位点,转换/颠换比率为2.7。序列分析表明,红和奥利亚各有2个单倍型,尼奥、莫桑比克与尼罗各有1个单倍型。其中,尼奥与尼罗的单倍型序列相同,莫桑比克与红罗非鱼的1个单倍型序列相同。表明部分红罗非鱼的母本为莫桑比克。UPGMA聚类分析表明,尼奥与尼罗聚成一支、红罗非鱼与莫桑比克成一支、奥利亚独成一支。