Synthesis of substituted benzyl 2-methyl-2-phenylpropyl ethers and their moth-proofing activity on wool against larvae of Anthrenus fasciatus

Synthesis of new moth-proofing agents is necessary to overcome the damage caused by clothes moths and carpet beetles to hosiery and upholstery. In the present paper substituted benzyl 2-methyl-2-phenylpropyl ethers were synthesised and evaluated for moth-proofing activity. Two compounds were found to provide protection against larvae of Anthrenus fasciatus at levels of 1.0 and 10 g kg⁻¹ respectively. The introduction of a methyl group in the para position of the benzene ring attached to C₂ of the 2-methylpropyl chain (ring A) increased moth-proofing activity. The introduction of a phenoxy ring at the meta position of the benzyl nucleus (ring B) also increased activity, while the presence of a nitro group on the benzyl nucleus (ring B) decreased activity. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

光唇鱼与凡纳对虾池塘混养技术初探

在一口面积0．347hm2,水深2m的池塘放养体长2～4em的光唇鱼苗28000尾和体长0．8～1．0cm的凡纳对虾（俗称南美白对虾）虾苗100×10^4尾（分别在5月中旬和8月下旬2次投放,各投50×10^4尾）,经215d的饲养,收获商品光唇鱼295．3kg,折合产量851．0kg／hm2,成活率59％;两季对虾产...     

臭氧对条石鲷幼鱼鳃组织结构和抗氧化系统的影响

臭氧(O₃)在工厂化养殖水处理中有较高的应用价值,为了解臭氧对条石鲷幼鱼的影响,采用自制的臭氧毒性试验装置(授权利号:ZL 200920122441.3),对条石鲷幼鱼进行了不同质量浓度(0、0.08、0.13、0.17、0.22、0.28和0.32 mg/L)和不同时间(0.5、1、6、12、18和24 h)的急性胁迫试验,并分析了臭氧对条石鲷幼鱼的行为响应、半致死浓度、幼鱼鳃的组织形态学、酶活性等的影响。结果表明,随着臭氧胁迫浓度的升高,条石鲷幼鱼在水层中的分布位置逐渐上移,呼吸频率逐渐加快,受惊反应逐渐迟缓;条石鲷幼鱼的开始死亡时间与臭氧浓度负相关,12 h的半致死方程为Y=16.815 8+20.340 5X(r=0.998 7),半致死浓度为0.262 5 mg/L。24 h的半致死方程为Y=17.614 1+17.898 3X(r=0.950 0),半致死浓度为0.197 4 mg/L;条石鲷幼鱼鳃SOD和GPX活性与臭氧胁迫时间和胁迫浓度负相关,并都在胁迫24 h、质量浓度0.32 mg/L时降至谷值;MDA含量与臭氧胁迫时间和胁迫浓度正相关,并在胁迫24 h、质量浓度0.32 mg/L时达到峰值;在臭氧胁迫下,条石鲷幼鱼的鳃小片细胞排列不规则并萎缩,鳃小片上皮细胞脱落或粘滞于鳃小片间,鳃小片末端膨大,鳃丝血管固缩无腔或变空腔,管壁粗糙、干缩,血细胞固缩、坏死,零散分布或紧贴血管壁。     

暗纹东方鲀饲料中豆粕替代鱼粉的营养生理效应及其与大豆抗原蛋白的相关性

选择体质量为(39.84±3.09)g暗纹东方鲀,分为8组,分别饲喂等氮等能的高鱼粉组、低鱼粉组、低鱼粉发酵豆粕组、低鱼粉豆粕组4组实用饲料和添加大豆抗原蛋白的半纯化饲料(大豆抗原蛋白含量分别为0%、5%、8%和12.5%),进行为期两个月的生长实验,探讨大豆抗原蛋白对暗纹东方鲀生长和生理生化的影响。结果显示,用发酵豆粕替代部分鱼粉的低鱼粉发酵豆粕组生长性能显著优于低鱼粉组,用豆粕替代部分鱼粉的低鱼粉豆粕组与低鱼粉组无显著差异。半纯化饲料中随着大豆抗原蛋白含量增加,生长率呈现先增后降趋势;实用饲料和半纯化饲料对肌肉组成有不同程度的影响;在肝脏丙二醛、总抗氧化能力和血清丙二醛指标中,低鱼粉豆粕组显著高于低鱼粉组,低鱼粉发酵豆粕组则与低鱼粉组无显著性差异,半纯化饲料系列在8%组出现峰值,显著高于其他组。低鱼粉豆粕组血清谷草转氨酶活性显著高于低鱼粉组,低鱼粉发酵豆粕组与低鱼粉组相比无显著性差异,半纯化饲料组谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶呈现先增后减趋势。研究表明,与豆粕替代鱼粉相比,用发酵豆粕替代鱼粉更能促进鱼体生长;大豆抗原蛋白是影响豆粕替代鱼粉效果的重要因素,但对生长、抗氧化性能和生理生化指标的影响则因大豆抗原蛋白的含量与单独存在与否而异。     

Feeding interval and photoperiod influence the growth performance of striped knifejaw,Oplegnathus fasciatus

A two‐factor experiment incorporating two photoperiods (16 L:8 D and 24 L:0 D) and four feeding intervals (6, 9, 12 and 24 h) was carried out to determine the most efficient feeding interval and photoperiod for striped knifejaw, Oplegnathus fasciatus. Fish were fed a commercial diet to apparent satiation for 10 weeks. Blood was collected to measure the stress indicators. Both the photoperiod and the feeding intervals had a significant effect on the growth performance of striped knifejaw; however, their interaction did not produce any significant effect. The final body weight, weight gain (%) and feed intake at 6‐, 9‐ and 12‐h feeding intervals under 16 L:8 D were significantly higher than those at the 24‐h interval irrespective of the photoperiod (P<0.05). The specific growth rate at 6, 9 and 12 h intervals of the 16 L:8 D photoperiod was significantly higher than that of the other feeding intervals, except at 12 h of the 24 L:0 D photoperiod (P<0.05). At the end of the experiment, there were no significant differences in the plasma levels of cortisol, glucose and total protein observed in fish exposed to different photoperiods compared with the initial levels. The results suggested that a combination of a 16 L:8 D photoperiod and either of 6‐, 9‐ or 12‐h intervals can be used to stimulate the growth performance in striped knifejaw.     

Growth performance and physiological responses in striped knifejaw, Oplegnathus fasciatus, held under different photoperiods

The growth performance and stress response in striped knifejaw, Oplegnathus fasciatus (body weight 100–300 g) reared under four photoperiods (6L:6D, 12L:12D, 16L:8D and 24L:0D) were investigated. Fish were fed a commercial diet to apparent satiation, two times a day for 8 weeks. A trial of acute handling and confinement stress was also carried out to investigate the stress-induced levels of different stress indicators in O. fasciatus. Blood was also collected from undisturbed fish which was considered as control. Although there were no significant differences in weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) in fish exposed to 6L:6D, 16L:8D and 24L:0D photoperiods, all parameters in these photoperiods were significantly higher than those of 12L:12D photoperiod (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in protein retention efficiency (PRE) between fish exposed to 16L:8D and 24L:0D photoperiods, but PRE in both photoperiods was significantly higher than that of 12L:12D photoperiod.Acute stress significantly increased the plasma levels of cortisol (110.3 ng ml^− 1) and glucose (195.4 mg dl^− 1), and decreased plasma levels of total protein (0.8 g dl^− 1); however, all parameters were returned back to the levels indistinguishable from those of control, undisturbed fish within 24 h. The levels of cortisol, glucose and total protein in fish exposed to different photoperiods during the study were far from the stress-induced levels (P < 0.05). The results demonstrated that the growth performance of O. fasciatus reared from 100 to 300 g can be stimulated significantly by using the manipulated photoperiods where feeding time may be playing an important role to increase food intake and feed conversion efficiency. It also revealed that the artificial photoperiods did not cause significant stress response in fish.     

条石鲷早期鳞被的形成和初生鳞的发育

采用茜素红染色法对条石鲷(Oplegnathus fasciatus)早期发育阶段鳞片的形成和发育过程进行了观察和测量。结果显示条石鲷鳞片的起始中心有3个,分别是鳃盖后缘、侧线上方和尾柄处。在水温为24~27℃的人工培育条件下,20日龄在这3个起始中心最早出现鳞片,鳃盖后缘至胸鳍基部的鳞被向上下前后扩展,胸鳍后缘的侧线上方鳞被向下和向前后扩展,尾柄处的鳞被前后扩展,头顶部的鳞被向四周扩展,到40日龄时鱼体全身被鳞进入幼鱼期。通过观察还发现,鳞片向下方发育的速度快于上方,上下方向的发育速度快于前后方向。向前扩展到鳃盖后暂停,向后发育到达尾柄末端,最后出现鳞片的部位是鳃盖。条石鲷鳞片为栉鳞,较细小。在鱼体的同一时期同一部位,鳞片的大小存在较大的差异。初生鳞鳞嵴(环片)数目与发育阶段的关系可用二次方程表示。     

条石鲷头肾和脾脏的显微结构观察

采用光镜技术对条石鲷（Oplegnathus fasciatus）头肾和脾脏的显微结构进行了观察研究。结果发现头肾表面覆盖着一层极薄的纤维结缔组织性被膜,未见明显小梁,实质主要由淋巴组织、血管和血窦组成,其间可见黑色素巨噬细胞中心。脾脏表面也覆盖着一层极薄的纤维结缔组织性被膜,其实质主要组成有脾髓（红髓和白髓混合排列）、椭圆体和黑色素巨噬细胞中心,小梁不明显,进入脾脏的中央动脉和静脉往往紧靠在一起互相结伴而行。     

Ontogenetic changes of learning capability under reward conditioning in striped knifejaw Oplegnathus fasciatus juveniles

ABSTRACT:   To elucidate the ontogenetic changes in learning capability of the striped knifejaw Oplegnathus fasciatus , which is a common rocky-shore member in Japan, 28 individuals (2–10 cm standard length [SL]) of laboratory-reared fish under reward conditioning were trained. A single fish was first conditioned to go to one end of two arms of a Y-maze by being given a reward (food pellets), and once the fish has cleared the original problem, the rewarded side was reversed. All fish cleared at least the original problem, although fish at 2–4 cm SL showed lower scores because they learned more slowly or did not clear the reversal problem. Fish showed better learning capability as they grew. Fish of ca. 7 cm SL showed the highest score with quick learning of both the original and reversal problems. Their learning curve (relationship between SL and individual score) was approximated by a quadratic curve with the maximum score at approximately 7 cm SL. It was speculated that fish at its recruitment stage requires a high learning capability to adapt to the new environment of the rocky shore, which is composed of more complex microhabitats compared to their previous pelagic habitat.     

条石鲷鳃的组织发育及鳃上钠钾三磷酸腺苷酶活性的早期变化

为完善条石鲷的早期组织发育过程,探索条石鲷仔鱼早期高死亡率的内在发育机制,实验对鳃器官的早期发育进行观察,结果显示:条石鲷仔鱼在1日龄时出现鳃原基;2日龄,原始鳃弓形成;3日龄,鳃丝原基出现;6日龄,鳃丝两侧的扁平细胞向外突出而形成原始的鳃小叶,假鳃出现;7日龄,鳃小叶基部出现泌氯细胞;8日龄,泌氯细胞开始分泌蛋白样物质;14日龄,鳃的结构分化发育完善.钠钾三磷酸腺苷酶(Na+,K+-ATPase)的相对活性从胚胎分裂期不断增加,直至器官分化期.此后活性逐渐降低,并保持在一个较低的水平,直至9日龄活性才开始上升.而12日龄之后又不断下降,到14日龄降至最低值(0.246±0.126) U/g.此后急剧上升,到18日龄升至最高值(4.731±0.309) U/g.从20日龄起,Na+,K+-ATPase的相对活性保持稳定上升,直至本次实验结束.结果表明,Na+,K+-ATPase活性的变化与鳃组织,尤其是与泌氯细胞的发育密切相关,而且在其活性较低的阶段,条石鲷仔鱼的死亡率较高.