真蛸肌肉营养成分及氨基酸含量分析

[目的]分析真蛸肌肉营养成分,评价其营养价值。[方法]利用常规肌肉营养测试法对真蛸的肌肉营养成分进行测定。[结果]真蛸肌肉（鲜样）中水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分和总糖的质量分数分别为79.40%、18.00%、0.50%、2.08%和0.59%。肌肉中含有17种氨基酸,总量（TAA）为76.65%,其中8种人体必需氨基酸（EAA）占氨基酸总量的38.25%,必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸的比值（WEAA/WNEAA）为78.22%。[结论]真蛸必需氨基酸的构成比例基本符合联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织（FAO/WHO）的标准。     

Biological performance of Octopus vulgaris in ‘integrated aquaculture’ models: effect of two potential fresh diets,sex and sexual maturation during the grow‐out phase

Two fresh diets were tested on the biological performance of males and females of Octopus vulgaris under industrial rearing conditions in floating cages. The presence of females could potentially release paralarvae to the natural environment (‘integrated aquaculture’). Octopuses were fed on a single diet of bogue (aquaculture by‐product), and on a mixed diet (60–40% crab‐bogue), in two trials. In Trial 1 (918 ± 125 g), growth was higher in octopuses fed on the mixed diet (1.9–2.0%d^?1) than in those fed on the bogue diet (1.8–1.9%d^?1) irrespective of sex, and mortality was 3% regardless of sex and diet. In Trial 2 (1483 ± 269 g), growth was higher in males fed on the mixed diet (1.8%d^?1) than in males fed on the bogue diet (1.4%d^?1), both higher than females (1.1–1.3%d^?1), and mortality was 22–28% regardless of sex and diet. Best biological performance in trial 1 was related to the lack of functional maturation in females, evidence by the low average gonadosomatic index (2.0–3.6%) in comparison with trial 2 (8.8–11.4%), regardless of diet. No correlations between final weight and sexual maturity indices were found, so the length of the rearing period to maximize biomass increment or to release paralarvae depends on functional maturation in females.     

Effects of dietary protein sources on growth,survival and digestive capacity of Octopus maya juveniles (Mollusca: Cephalopoda)

We propose two hypotheses to explain the inexistence of adequate prepared diet for Octopus maya at this date: Hypothesis 1 is related to changes in protein structure during protein cooking, which affects the digestibility. Hypothesis 2 is related to changes on nutritional characteristics during ingredient process, which affects the nutritional composition of diet. To test hypothesis 1, experiments one and two were directed to determine if protein cooking reduces digestibility and growth of animals when compared to fresh or lyophilized protein sources. For hypothesis 2, three experiments were conducted, testing seven different dietary protein sources offered in isolation or combined in artificial diets fed to O. maya. Results demonstrated that the diets that promoted growth were the ones based on fresh crab paste, and both lyophilized crab and squid tentacles paste. In consequence hypothesis 1 was accepted. The cooking process also changed nutritional characteristics of protein sources, affecting the growth of O. maya. Results obtained when squid and crab were mixed suggest that nutritional requirements of octopuses were covered with that diet in similar forms compared to when using fresh or lyophilized crab, also confirming hypothesis 2. Based on growth rates obtained, we can conclude that nutritional requirements of O. maya must be between 80% and 86% Protein (P), 5.1–5.6% Lipids and a protein: energy ratio between (P/E) 38.9 and 42.2 g MJ^?1.     

Growth and feed efficiency of Octopus vulgaris fed on dry pelleted

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of two dry extruded diets on growth and nutritional composition of digestive gland (DG) and muscle of Octopus vulgaris. Both artificial diets (FMK and 3FMK) were composed of gelatin, maltodextrin, yolk, fish and krill meal. The 3FMK diet contained more fishmeal (3×) than the FMK diet. These diets were compared with a control frozen diet consisting of golden grey mullet (Liza aurata) and crab (Liocarcinus depurator). The 3FMK diet promoted higher intakes and feed efficiency than FMK diet, resulting in larger growths (296 respect to 158 g in 42 days; 0.81% vs. 0.78% body weight/day). There was significantly lower moisture, protein and ash content in digestive glands of animals fed pellets (P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed on nutritional composition of muscle among the three groups. Even though the results were still below those of the control group (increase of 1258 g), the good performance in terms of acceptance and growth showed that this extruded diet can be the starting point to develop a commercial feed for this species.     

Effect of two extruded diets with different fish and squid meal ratio on growth,digestibility and body composition of Octopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797)

The present work studies the growth and body composition of 18 Octopus vulgaris (6 per treatment) fed two extruded diets, namely FMS and 3FMS, based on different fish and squid meal ratios (1:1, and 3:1 respectively). The diets are compared with a control diet based on crab (Carcinus mediterraneus) and bogue (Boops boops). The growing tests were conducted on animals placed in individual 300 L rectangular fibreglass tanks in an open seawater system, containing PVC tubes as shelters, resulting in 100% survival rate. The control group exhibited the highest specific growth rates (SGR = 2.14%BW day^?1), while values of around 0.69%BW day^?1 were achieved by octopuses fed the extruded diets. Even though the three groups of animals showed similar digestive gland indexes, the two extruded diets promoted significant differences in the muscle composition and fatness of the digestive gland. Digestibility of dry matter was not affected by the type of extruded diet, obtaining ADC values of around 88%. The results suggest that squid and fish meal can be both used in dry pelleted extruded diets, with moderate acceptance by the octopus, even though the formulation must be optimized with the aim of improving acceptability and achieve growths in the range of natural diets.     

嘉庚蛸雄性生殖系统组织学观察

应用组织切片技术对浙江沿海自然分布的嘉庚蛸雄性生殖系统的结构变化进行了逐月研究,结果发现,雄性生殖系统由单个精巢、输精管、储精囊、前列腺、精荚囊和阴茎等6部分构成。精巢球形,辐射型精巢,精原细胞椭圆或近圆形,直径10～16μm,精子细胞经过椭圆形梭型柳叶型长棒型的变态期,成为鞭毛型精子,精子头部细长等粗棍状,长约26～33μm,尾部长度约为头部的16倍。输精管长约13～16cm,是雄性生殖系统中最细长的管道。储精囊长约5～8cm,可分为储精管和腺体2部分。前列腺与储精囊相接共同开口于精荚囊腔,中空盲管状,4.8～5.6cm。精荚囊分为2部分,一侧为叶脉状规则褶皱突起围成的腺体腔,称之为囊内腺,另一侧突起少,个体大、不规则,树枝状。阴茎短,仅2～3cm,生殖孔开口于胴体左侧外套腔的中部。储精囊、前列腺和精荚囊中均存在着具有分泌功能的上皮构成的腺体腔,它们在精荚成熟装配过程中发挥着不可取代的作用。阴茎中段的阴茎囊呈镜面倒卜型,它不仅是分泌性的腺体腔,而且还是精荚排出过程中的反转场所。     

5种经济头足类水产品加工工艺性质的研究

以新鲜的枪乌贼、太平洋褶柔鱼、短蛸、冷冻的柔鱼和茎柔鱼为原料,分别测定其质量组成及其一般化学成分,并比较了柔鱼和茎柔鱼的热加工特性。研究发现,5种头足类水产品的可食部分均超过70%,水分含量超过78%,粗蛋白含量为58%~83%,粗脂肪含量为4%~19%。在2种不同的热处理方式下,柔鱼和茎柔鱼外套膜沿体轴方向的收缩均大于环绕体轴方向的收缩,在蒸煮过程中,柔鱼的质量损失和水分流失均在5 min时达到最大,茎柔鱼在6 min时达到最大,在烘烤的过程中,2种柔鱼的质量损失随着水分流失的增加而增加。     

Cephalopods as Vectors of Harmful Algal Bloom Toxins in Marine Food Webs

Here we summarize the current knowledge on the transfer and accumulation of harmful algal bloom (HAB)-related toxins in cephalopods (octopods, cuttlefishes and squids). These mollusks have been reported to accumulate several HAB-toxins, namely domoic acid (DA, and its isomers), saxitoxin (and its derivatives) and palytoxin (and palytoxin-like compounds) and, therefore, act as HAB-toxin vectors in marine food webs. Coastal octopods and cuttlefishes store considerably high levels of DA (amnesic shellfish toxin) in several tissues, but mainly in the digestive gland (DG)—the primary site of digestive absorption and intracellular digestion. Studies on the sub-cellular partitioning of DA in the soluble and insoluble fractions showed that nearly all DA (92.6%) is found in the cytosol. This favors the trophic transfer of the toxins since cytosolic substances can be absorbed by predators with greater efficiency. The available information on the accumulation and tissue distribution of DA in squids (e.g., in stranded Humboldt squids, Dosidicus gigas) is scarcer than in other cephalopod groups. Regarding paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), these organisms accumulate them at the greatest extent in DG >> kidneys > stomach > branchial hearts > posterior salivary glands > gills. Palytoxins are among the most toxic molecules identified and stranded octopods revealed high contamination levels, with ovatoxin (a palytoxin analogue) reaching 971 μg kg⁻¹ and palytoxin reaching 115 μg kg⁻¹ (the regulatory limit for PlTXs is 30 μg kg⁻¹ in shellfish). Although the impacts of HAB-toxins in cephalopod physiology are not as well understood as in fish species, similar effects are expected since they possess a complex nervous system and highly developed brain comparable to that of the vertebrates. Compared to bivalves, cephalopods represent a lower risk of shellfish poisoning in humans, since they are usually consumed eviscerated, with exception of traditional dishes from the Mediterranean area.     

Investigation of the potential effect of diet,body mass and maturity on growth and feed performance of common octopus Octopus vulgaris: an information theory approach

The potential effect of body mass (m), maturity stage (ms), food type (ft), food protein (p) and lipid (li) content, and food protein‐to‐energy ratio, P/E (pe) on Specific Growth Rate (SGR, % day⁻¹), Absolute Feeding Rate (AFR, g day⁻¹), Feed Efficiency (FE, %), Assimilation Efficiency (AE, %), and Protein Retention Efficiency (PRE, %) in the common octopus was investigated. Six food types were provided ad libitum: shrimp, squid, hake, mussel, sardine and artificial one (gels made of hydrated squid flour agglutinated with sodium alginate). Estimated SGRs, AFRs, FEs, AEs and PREs were modelled with General Linear Models based on an information theory approach, using m, ms, ft, p, li and pe as potential predictor variables. SGR decreased when m increased; octopuses fed on shrimps showed the highest SGRs and the ones fed on mussels showed the lowest SGRs. AFR increased with m. Maximum and minimum FEs were observed, when food provided was shrimps and mussels, respectively. Maximum PRE was performed by octopuses fed on shrimps or sardines and minimum PRE by octopuses fed on mussels. Octopuses fed on artificial diet reached satisfactory levels of SGR (0.50% day⁻¹) and FE (12.3%).