不同饵料对真蛸浮游幼体生长和存活的影响

为了满足真蛸浮游幼体阶段的营养需要,研究了几种饵料生物对真蛸浮游幼体的育苗效果。结果表明:轮虫不宜作为真蛸浮游幼体的生物饵料;恒温培养试验得出混合营养强化的丰年虫幼体的育苗效果优于混合营养强化的蒙古裸腹溞,并优于小球藻强化的丰年虫幼体及蒙古裸腹溞;常温试验得出梭子蟹溞状幼体+丰年虫幼体组合的饵料效果最好,而微囊营养强化剂强化的丰年虫幼体的育苗效果好于混合营养组合。综上所述,可认为:梭子蟹溞状幼体+丰年虫幼体组合是真蛸浮游幼体期比较适宜的饵料。     

Preliminary trials on the use of large outdoor tanks for the ongrowing of Octopus maya juveniles

Octopus maya has high growth rates, direct embryonic development and high hatchling survival, making it a good candidate for aquaculture diversification. The present study was designed to evaluate growth rate, survival and food conversion of O. maya juveniles cultured in outdoor tanks. Octopuses were captured from the wild during the fishing season, and fed discarded fish heads and whole crabs. Three trials were conducted between 23 and 32 days, in September (trial 1), October (trial 2) and November (trial 3) where a decrease in sea water temperature was registered (29–24 °C, from September to November respectively). Octopuses were held in three outdoor tanks of 5 m² of bottom area and 0.5 m deep, aerated sea water and water flow allowing 10% of water exchange per day. Initial density was between 2.9 and 3.8 kg m^?3 with different initial mean weight of 542.3 ± 18.8, 493 ± 11.9 and 321 ± 7.8 g, for trials 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Specific growth rate varied between 1.8 and 2.7% BW day^?1 with no apparent relation with the culture temperature. These results put in evidence that tanks used are adequate for the ongrowing of O. maya juveniles, with commercial size being attained in a few weeks.     

Utilization of diets with different fish oil content in common octopus (Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797) and resulting changes in its biochemical composition

The aim of the present work was to obtain the lipid utilization of Octopus vulgaris supplying formulated semi‐moist diets with different contents in cod oil (reduced from water content): 0 g kg^?1 (A0, 138 g kg^?1 lipids DW; N = 4), 100 g kg^?1 (A100, 286 g kg^?1 lipids DW; N = 6) and 200 g kg^?1 (A200, 388 g kg^?1 lipids DW; N = 6). The rest of the ingredients were constant in the three diets: 200 g kg^?1 gelatin, 100 g kg^?1 egg yolk powder, 150 g kg^?1 freeze‐dried Todarodes sagittatus and 50 g kg^?1 freeze‐dried Sardinella aurita). Survival was 100% with the three diets. The highest absolute feeding (15.8 ± 1.2 g day^?1), growth (9.6 ± 1.4 g day^?1; 0.91% BW day^?1) and feed efficiency rates (60.3%) were obtained with diet A0. This diet also showed greater retention of lipid and protein than A100 and A200. Protein digestibility was above 95% in all of the diets. Only diet A0 led to a high lipid digestibility coefficient (81.25%), which fell drastically to 12.3% in A200. It was notable the high polar lipid digestibility rates (83–89%) respect to neutral lipids (2–87%) in all diets. The best results were obtained with lipid feeding rates of around 1 g day^?1 and a suitable lipid content on 130–140 g kg^?1 DW in formulated diets for O. vulgaris.     

不同饵料对短蛸生长的影响

在盐度28~30、水温23.6~25.8℃下,将54只初始体质量(34.82±3.79)g的健康短蛸放入500mL矿泉水瓶中,瓶体周身均匀钻直径5mm小孔约80个,每瓶1只,悬挂在4.1m×6.6m×1.4m养殖池中,投喂菲律宾蛤仔、缢蛏和肉球近方蟹3种饵料,每种饵料3个平行组,比较分析3种饵料对短蛸生长的影响。28d的饲养表明,3个饵料组的成活率均为100%,但投喂肉球近方蟹的短蛸特定生长率(1.67%/d)和饵料转化效率(33.46%)显著高于投喂缢蛏(1.33%/d,14.01%)和菲律宾蛤仔(1.31%/d,19.57%)的短蛸(P0.05)。试验结果表明,蟹类是短蛸养成阶段较理想的饵料。     

Application of a bioeconomics model to examine sustainability of fishery resources in the global market: the case of octopus resource in Morocco

A study was conducted to examine the long-term relationship among price of fish, harvest level, and resource condition using a bioeconomics model. Data on the annual amount of production and prices of octopus (Octopus vulgaris) in Morocco from 1970 to 2006 are plotted on a diagram to trace annual changes of price and production. The plotted pattern suggests a long-term movement of the yield-price equilibrium along the line of a theoretical long-term supply function curve of the bioeconomics model. The plotted data also suggests that there are four stages of resource exploitation for octopus in Morocco: (1) the underexploited stage from 1970 to 1987 which is characterized by small catch and low prices, (2) the maximum sustainable yield (MSY) stage from 1988 to 1998 which is characterized by moderate catch and intermediate prices, (3) the overexploited stage from 1999 to 2001 which is characterized by large catch and intermediate prices, and (4) the reduced stock stage after 2002 which is characterized by small catch and high prices. This result is consistent with the independent scientific research information on octopus harvested in Morocco. Our study indicates that an analysis of market information (i.e., amount of production and price) could be an effective tool in identifying approximate status of fishery resources.     

短蛸繁殖行为及胚胎发育过程

采用光学显微镜观察的方法,对短蛸(Octopusocellatus)的胚胎发育过程进行观察。在人工养殖环境下,选用成体短蛸培养1个月后(五月份)即产卵。观察发现,雌蛸一直对其卵子进行看护,直到幼体孵化出膜,随后两周之内雌蛸相继死亡;受精卵卵裂方式为盘状卵裂。根据Naef的划分标准,短蛸胚胎发育过程划分为20期,期间胚胎经历2次翻转,受精卵的孵化水温为16～21℃时,第1次翻转发生在第15天,胚胎原基由动物极转向植物极;第2次翻转发生在第40天,胚胎由卵柄端转向卵柄相对端;从受精卵到幼体孵化出膜共经历41d;刚孵化出的幼体为浮游型,浮游期12d左右,之后营底栖生活。本文系统地描述了短蛸的繁殖行为和胚胎发育各个阶段的形态变化,旨在丰富短蛸繁殖生物学和胚胎发育生物学的基础理论研究,并为开展大规模开展短蛸人工育苗、养殖以及人工增殖放流提供科学依据。     

长蛸对几个环境因子的耐受能力及栖息习性研究

研究了长蛸成体的栖息习性及对水体环境的盐度、温度、pH的耐受能力。通过设置红砖搭穴、瓦片搭穴、石块搭穴和白塑料管作为长蛸的隐蔽场所,使用控温电热棒和冰袋调温并保持水温,用NaOH和HCl调节水体的pH值,加食盐或淡水调配水体的盐度。试验结果表明,长蛸喜栖于砖、瓦、石块下,以瓦片为最佳隐蔽场所;喜欢泥质底,有钻泥打洞现象;适宜盐度为16.3~27.3,最适盐度为18.3~24.3;适宜温度为10~31℃,最适温度为12~27℃;适宜pH为6.2~9.7,最适为6.7~9.2。     

短蛸的早期生长特征

对孵化后1～50日龄短蛸(Octopusocellatus)幼体的体重、全长、腕长及胴长进行测量,观察并分析其早期生长变化特征。在水温为22℃～24℃的养殖条件下,初孵短蛸平均全长为10.03 mm。11日龄幼体开始营底栖生活,以此为分界线划分为浮游期和底栖期。结果显示,1～11日龄浮游短蛸体重增长为立方函数增长类型,y=0.0001x^3–0.0019x^2+0.0098x+0.0409;11～50日龄的底栖短蛸体重增长为指数函数增长类型,y=0.0284e^0.092x。在1～50日龄短蛸幼体的生长过程中,体重(g)与全长(mm)呈立方函数关系,y=–8e–07x^3+0.001x^2–0.011x+0.099;全长(mm)与腕长(mm)呈线性关系,y=1.314x+4.952;体重、全长及腕长分别与日龄呈立方函数关系,y=6e–05x^3–0.003x^2+0.036x–0.03、y=0.0004x^3+0.002x^2+0.307x+10.604、y=0.0004x^3–0.007x^2+0.364x+4.205。通过研究短蛸幼体的生长发育特征,从而加深了对幼体生长的了解,并为短蛸人工繁育的研究提供参考依据。     

短蛸消化系统和部分器官中μ受体的免疫组织化学定位

采用免疫组织化学SABC法对短蛸（Octopus ocellatus）消化系统和部分器官中μ受体（mu opioid receptor）进行定位研究。结果表明,短蛸腕、漏斗、外套膜腹面、口球、嗉囊、胃盲囊、肠、直肠、前唾液腺、后唾液腺、肝胰脏均呈μ受体阴性,但食道内上皮、外膜、结缔组织和胃角质层有μ受体分布,外套膜背面、腕间膜的上皮或近上皮部位呈μ受体阳性。μ受体在短蛸不同部位分布密度的不同,可能与各器官的功能不同有关。     

章鱼生物学特性及繁养殖研究综述

章鱼为福建省近年来新兴的海水养殖优良种类,具有较高的营养价值、商品价值和产业化养殖潜力。本文对章鱼的分类与分布、生态习性、生物学特性、人工繁殖和养成的国内外研究现状进行了综述。