西南大西洋拉氏南美南极鱼脂肪酸组成及其食性研究

拉氏南美南极鱼Patagonotothen ramsayi为南极鱼科中数量最多、生态地位非常重要的次南极鱼种,为了解拉氏南美南极鱼的营养动力学与生态功能,利用脂肪酸生物标记法探究了该鱼种的脂肪酸组成及其食性。结果表明:从西南大西洋拉氏南美南极鱼肌肉中共检测出16种脂肪酸,其中含量较高的脂肪酸包括C_(16∶0)、C_(18∶1n9)、C_(20∶5n3)(EPA)和C_(22∶6n3)(DHA),DHA平均含量显著高于EPA(P0.05);多种特征脂肪酸含量与体长存在着显著的相关性,饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸和7种脂肪酸含量与体长之间存在着显著的负相关关系(P0.05),而指示摄食对象营养级高低的DHA/EPA值与体长之间存在着显著的正相关关系(P0.05)。研究表明,拉氏南美南极鱼主要摄食浮游生物和底栖生物,其肉食性特性随体长的增大而增强。     

根际通气量对盆栽番茄生长、蒸腾量及果实产量的影响

为确定作物生长的最优根际通气量,采用空气压缩机控制供气,设置了0.4（T1）、0.8（T2）和1.2（T3）3个通气系数,研究根际通气量对盆栽番茄生长、蒸腾量及相关生理指标的影响。结果表明：通气处理可显著提高番茄植株的茎粗、叶面积指数、叶片叶绿素含量及干物质积累,且均在T2处理下达最高值;在试验不同时期,盆栽番茄的累积蒸腾量受通气量影响的表现不同,盆栽番茄的累积蒸腾量最终表现为：T2>T3>T1>CK;通气处理对盆栽番茄的产量和作物水分生产率均有显著影响。在T2处理下的产量、干物质积累量最高,该处理最有利于盆栽番茄生长。     

秸秆还田与化肥配施对汉中盆地稻麦轮作农田土壤固碳及经济效益的影响

为汉中盆地秸秆还田技术和合理化肥减量技术提供科学依据,2015—2017年小麦和水稻生长季,设置秸秆不还田+常规施肥(SN+NPK);秸秆常规还田+常规施肥(S+NPK);秸秆促腐还田+常规施肥(SD+NPK);秸秆促腐还田+化肥减量15%(SD+85%NPK);秸秆促腐还田+化肥减量30%(SD+70%NPK),共5个处理,研究其对土壤总有机碳(TOC)、活性有机碳(LOC)、碳储量(SCS)、作物产量及经济效益的影响。结果表明与秸秆不还田配施常规施肥处理(SN+NPK)相比,秸秆还田配施不同比例化肥处理显著提高了稻田0～15cm土层的TOC和LOC,增幅分别为3.62%～25.07%和23.01%～46.79%; S+NPK和SD+NPK处理提高了0～30 cm碳储量,增幅分别为4.67%和18.20%。而SD+85%NPK和SD+70%NPK分别降低8.31%和9.83%。S+NPK和SD+NPK处理显著增加了小麦和水稻籽粒产量,而SD+85%NPK和SD+70%NPK处理均降低了小麦和水稻产量,周年产量2年平均增幅分别为3.47%、8.70%、-3.65%、-8.12%。与SN...     

工艺加工对干法再造烟叶品质的影响

通过分析检测干法再造烟叶在制丝工艺过程中化学成分、烟气常规指标、烟气有害成分、致香成分以及感官质量的变化,考察工艺加工对干法再造烟叶品质的影响,为干法再造烟叶在卷烟中的应用提供科学依据。结果表明：经过松散回潮、加料贮叶、增温增湿、烘丝等处理,干法再造烟叶的总糖和还原糖含量有所增加,烟碱含量呈下降趋势;总粒相物、焦油、CO及各有害成分的释放量均呈下降趋势,危害指数降低了4．52％;工艺加工后大部分致香物质的总量略高于加工前,其中烟草中重要的致香成分巨豆三烯酮、β大马酮、新植二烯、β二氢大马酮、香叶基丙酮等的含量明显增加;再造烟叶感官质量明显提升,甜润感和烟气清晰度得到改善。上述结论表明,工艺加工过程对干法再造烟叶的内在品质有一定的提升作用,干法再造烟叶能很好地适应卷烟制丝线的工艺加工。     

新型复合肥在黑龙江省水稻生产中的应用效果

为了更好地评价新型肥料在黑龙江省水稻生产中的施用效果,利用大田区域联合试验的方法,通过将新型复合肥与常规肥料进行对比,研究新型复合肥的施用对不同积温带水稻生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明:施用复合肥处理较常规对照在佳木斯增产4.08%,在哈尔滨减产7.49%,且差异显著,在二九一农场减产5.18%。由于有效穗数和每穗粒数下降引起减产,每穗粒数和千粒重增加导致增产。在成熟期,施用新型复合肥使佳木斯的干物质增加5.15%,而哈尔滨和二九一农场的干物质分别下降4.95%和3.89%。与常规对照相比,复合肥处理使佳木斯的氮肥偏生产力增加4.08%,而哈尔滨和二九一农场的氮肥偏生产力分别降低7.49%和5.18%。表明,该新型复合肥在黑龙江省不同水稻种植区域的应用效果存在一定差异。     

Spectral vegetation indices for benchmarking water productivity of irrigated cotton and sugarbeet crops

Irrigation performance and water productivity can be benchmarked if estimates of spatially distributed yield and crop water use are available. A commonly used method to estimate crop evapotranspiration in irrigated areas is to multiply reference evapotranspiration values by appropriate crop coefficients. This study evaluated convenient ways to derive such coefficients using multispectral vegetation indices obtained by remote sensing. Detailed ground radiometric measurements were taken in small plots perpendicular to the crop rows to obtain canopy reflectance values. Ancillary measurements of green ground cover, plant height, leaf area index and biomass were taken in the cropped strip covered by the radiometer field-of-view. The results were up-scaled using 10 Landsat-5 and 1 Landsat-7 images. Crop measurements and ground radiometry were made at the time of Landsat overpass on two commercial fields, one grown with sugarbeet and the other with cotton. Crop height and ground cover were determined weekly in these two fields, three additional sugarbeet fields and one additional cotton field. The ground and satellite observations of canopy reflectance yielded similar results. Two vegetation indices, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) were evaluated. Both indices described the crop growth well, but SAVI was used in further evaluations because it could be conveniently related to both ground cover and the basal crop coefficient using a simple model. Based on these findings, crop water use variability was analyzed in a large sample of sugarbeet and cotton fields, within a homogeneous irrigation scheme in Southern Spain. The yield versus evapotranspiration data points were highly scattered for both cotton and sugarbeet. The yield values obtained from the sugarbeet fields and cotton fields were substantially lower than values predicted by a linear yield function, and close to a curvilinear yield function, respectively. Evapotranspired water productivity varied in the cotton fields from 0.3 to 0.78 kg m⁻³, and in the sugarbeet fields from 7.15 to 14.8 kg m⁻³.     

Effects of water stress at different development stages on yield and water productivity of winter and summer safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)

A field study was carried out to determine the effects of water stress imposed at different development stages on grain yield, seasonal evapotranspiration, crop-water relationships, yield response to water and water use efficiency of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) for winter and summer sowing. The field trials were conducted on a loam Entisol soil in Thrace Region in Turkey, using Dincer, the most popular safflower variety in the research area. A randomised complete block design with three replications was used. Three known growth stages of the plant were considered and a total of 8 (including rainfed) irrigation treatments were applied. The effect of irrigation or water stress at any stage of development on grain yield per hectare and 1000 kernel weight, was evaluated. Results of this study showed that safflower was significantly affected by water shortage in the soil profile due to omitted irrigation during the sensitive vegetative stage. The highest yield was observed in the fully irrigated control and was higher for winter sowing than for summer sowing. Evapotranspiration calculated for non-stressed production was 728 and 673 mm for winter and summer sowing, respectively. Safflower grain yield of the fully irrigated treatments was 4.05 and 3.74 t ha⁻¹ for winter and summer season, respectively. The seasonal yield response factor was 0.97 and 0.81 for winter and summer sowing, respectively. The highest total water use efficiency was obtained in the treatment irrigated only at vegetative stage while the lowest value was observed when the crop was irrigated only at yield stage. As conclusions: (i) winter sowing is suggested; (ii) if deficit irrigation is to apply at only one or two stages, Y stage or Y and F stages should be omitted, respectively.     

盘刀式铡草机抛送性能试验研究

针对盘刀式铡草机存在的生产率低、功耗大、易堵塞等问题,以玉米秸秆为试验材料,选取不同的主轴转速、叶片倾角和秸秆含水率作为试验因素进行抛送性能试验研究。试验结果表明:各因素对抛送过程生产率影响的主次顺序为主轴转速>叶片倾角>秸秆含水率;对抛送过程功耗影响的主次顺序为主轴转速>秸秆含水率>叶片倾角。当叶片倾角为7°、主轴转速为650r/min、秸秆含水率为22.1%时,抛送过程生产率最高;当叶片倾角为11°、铡草机主轴转速为510r/min、秸秆含水率为27.3%时,抛送过程功率消耗最低;同时,得到了可用于预测铡草机抛送过程生产率和功率消耗的线性回归模型。     

氮密互作对夏玉米物质生产及氮素利用的影响

以夏玉米杂交种郑单958为材料,对不同种植密度和不同施氮水平下夏玉米的物质生产和氮素利用状况进行了研究。结果表明,在中(67 500株/hm2)、高(82 500株/hm2)密度下,氮肥对玉米单株物质生产能力的调控作用更为明显,并主要是通过影响穗粒数来实现的。适量施氮,可促进顶部子粒发育,减少败育,使秃尖缩短、瘪粒数减少,增加穗粒数,增加产量;促进植物体吸收的氮素高效地向籽粒中分配,提高氮肥的利用效率;使玉米叶片维持较高的光合性能,为籽粒形成提供充足的光合碳量,并促进营养体碳氮向子粒运转。     

控温渥堆对黑毛茶香气品质的影响

对传统渥堆与45℃、50℃控温渥堆的黑毛茶进行感官品质评价,采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术（HS-SPME-GC-MS）结合主成分分析法（PCA）和偏最小二乘判别分析法（PLS-DA）对挥发性成分进行比较分析。结果表明,与传统渥堆和50℃控温渥堆相比,45℃控温渥堆黑毛茶香气的愉悦感、纯正度和浓度更好,杂异气味少。在传统及控温渥堆中共获得24种关键性差异挥发性成分,其中α-柏木烯、新植二烯、橄榄醇、δ-杜松醇、香芹酚、2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚、(Z)-7-十六碳烯醛、反式-β-紫罗兰酮等关键性差异挥发性成分在控温渥堆中的相对含量显著高于传统渥堆。研究结果可为改善黑毛茶香气品质提供参考。