葡萄香气物质研究进展

摘要：香气是评价葡萄及其加工品品质的重要指标之一,它构成了葡萄的特征风味。通过了解葡萄果实的香气组成,可以鉴别出葡萄的成熟度及其品种特性,从而为提高葡萄的风味及葡萄的遗传育种工作服务。葡萄果实中香气物质成分有酯、醇、醛、酮、萜类化合物等,这些化合物在葡萄果实中的含量以及它们的性质都对葡萄的香气品质起着决定性的作用。本文介绍了葡萄果实中香气物质成分及存在形式,综述了葡萄果实中多种香气的合成途径及其影响因素。     

2018年国内外蜂王浆研究概况

本文对2018年国内外蜂王浆研究概况进行了综述,对公开发表的65篇中英文文献及专利的地域分布和研究领域进行了统计分析和评述,并重点介绍了蜂王浆在化学组分、质量控制、生物学活性等领域的研究新进展。与2017年相比,2018年蜂王浆的研究热度回升,成果丰硕。     

Feed processing and structural components affect starch digestion dynamics in broiler chickens

1. A 2 × 2 factorial design was used to test the hypothesis that impaired intestinal starch digestibility is attributable to rapid passage of digesta from the gizzard to the intestine, and that, compared to steam pelleting, increasing the availability of starch through extrusion cooking may alleviate the potential negative effect of rapid digesta flow on starch utilisation.

2. Thus, 7-d-old-broiler chickens were distributed to 48 cages and given a wheat-based (WB) pelleted diet containing either coarse oat hulls (OH-Pel) or fine cellulose (Cel-Pel) until d 19 to stimulate divergent development of the gizzard. Thereafter, both groups were further subdivided and challenged with a WB diet containing cellulose in either pelleted (Cel-Pel) or extruded (Cel-Ext) form on d 20 and 22. Either excreta or intestinal contents were collected at time intervals after feeding and analysed for marker and starch.

3. OH-Pel increased gizzard size and holding capacity. No excessively high starch levels (maximum 25 g/kg) were detected in the excreta. However, 8 h feed-deprived birds given Cel-Pel and challenged with Cel-Pel exhibited higher starch excretion and showed large individual variation during the first 135 min of collection.

4. Contrary to the OH-Pel group, more digesta and starch passed to the jejunum at 1 and 2 h and ileum at 2 and 3 h after feeding for birds given Cel-Pel, resulting in lower jejunal and ileal starch digestibility.

5. Increased starch gelatinisation through extrusion processing significantly improved starch digestibility regardless of gizzard function. However, at 1, 2 and 3 h after feeding, more digesta was retained in the foregut of birds given Cel-Ext.

6. The current data showed that starch degradation rate is associated with the flow of digesta which is linked to gizzard development, and that enzymatic hydrolysis of intact starch granules may be limited with more rapid feed passage through the gut.     

Feed-and feed additives-related aspects of gut health and development in weanling pigs

The development of new/different management and feeding strategies to stimulate gut development and health in newly-weaned pigs, in order to improve growth performance while minimizing the use of antimicrobial compounds such as antibiotic growth promotants (AGP) and heavy mineral compounds, is essential for the long-term sustainability of the pig industry. Factors including the sub-optimal intake of nutrients and energy, inappropriate microbiota biomass and (or) balance, immature and compromised immune function, and psychosomatic factors caused by weaning can compromise both the efficiency of digestion and absorption and intestinal barrier function through mucosal damage and alteration of tight junction integrity. As a consequence, pigs at weaning are highly susceptible to pathogenic enteric conditions such as post-weaning diarrhea that may be caused by serotypes of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Many dietary components, e.g., protein, fiber, feed additives and minerals, are known to influence microbial growth in the gastrointestinal tract that in turn can impact upon pig growth and health, although the relationships between these are sometimes not necessarily apparent or obvious. In a world climate of increased scrutiny over the use of antibiotics per se in pig production, certain feed additives are seen as alternatives/replacements to antibiotics, and have evolved in some cases to have important roles in everyday commercial pig nutrition. Nevertheless and in general, there remains inconsistency and variability in the efficacy of some feed additives and in cases of severe disease outbreaks, for example, therapeutic antibiotics and/or heavy minerals such as zinc oxide (ZnO) are generally relied upon. If feed ingredients and (or) feed additives are to be used with greater regularity and reliability, then it is necessary to better understand the mechanisms whereby antibiotics and minerals such as ZnO influence animal physiology, in conjunction with the use of appropriate challenge models and in vitro and in vivo techniques.     

桑椹利口酒挥发性成分的气相色谱-质谱分析

桑椹利口酒中的挥发性成分是构成桑椹酒的主体气味因子。采用液-液萃取法提取桑椹利口酒中的挥发性成分,经气相色谱-质谱联机分析(GC-MS),共检测出39个特征峰,鉴定出35种挥发性化合物,占总峰面积的99.3%。其中,质量分数排在前7位的挥发性化合物分别是邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(19.81%)、二十五烷(12.66%)、二十一烷(12.35%)、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(10.77%)、4-(1,1-二甲基乙基)-2-甲基苯硫酚(7.26%)、十八炔酸甲酯(5.01%)和十五碳酸(4.65%)。桑椹利口酒挥发性成分中含量较高的酯类化合物形成了酒香的主体气味:呈优雅浓郁果香,且甜中带有淡淡酸果味。     

添加葡萄籽等植物提取物对湘云金鲫生长性能及鱼体成分的影响

选用1344尾平均体重为105 g的健康湘云金鲫鱼种。随机分为4个处理,每个处理2个重复。Ⅰ组投喂基础饲料,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组在基础饲料中分别添加4 m g/kg的黄酶素及10、20 g/kg葡萄籽等植物提取物。30 d后测定湘云金鲫的生长性能和鱼体成分。结果显示:Ⅲ组与Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅳ组比较,增重率分别提高53.77%、45.43%、20.16%(P<0.05),饵料系数分别降低33.06%、31.02%、16.44%(P<0.05);鱼体蛋白质含量显著提高(P>0.05),体脂肪含量无显著变化(P>0.05)。因此,葡萄籽等植物提取物作为饲料添加剂能显著提高湘云金鲫的生长性能、降低饵料系数、改善鱼体品质,本试验条件下,其适宜添加量为10 g/kg。     

无公害添加剂预混料对育肥牛胴体性状和肉品质影响的研究

将45头供试牛按体重大小排序,平均分成对照组、营养调控组和中草药组3个组,后两组作为试验组,分别饲喂课题组自主研制的营养调控预混料和中草药添加剂预混料。结果表明：对照组胴体重210.6kg、营养调控组为245.0kg;中草药组为249.6kg;其屠宰率分别为51.18%、55.75%、58.05%;两组试验牛在净肉率、胴体产肉率、眼肌面积、优质肉块数量等性状方面都明显好于对照组。     

反刍动物钴营养研究进展

钴是反刍动物的必需微量元素之一,在动物体内发挥重要的作用。本文就钴对反刍动物的生物学功能、吸收与代谢、缺乏与过量、来源与供应、添加剂量与添加效果等方面的研究进行综述。     

Overfeeding and underfeeding have detrimental effects on oocyte quality measured by in vitro fertilization and early embryonic development in sheep

To determine effects of maternal diet on in vitro fertilization (IVF) and early embryonic development, ewes (n = 48) were divided into control, overfed (ad libitum feeding), and underfed (60% of control) nutritional planes for 8 wk before oocyte collection. Follicular development was induced by twice-daily injections of FSH on days 13 and 14 of the estrous cycle, and ovaries and blood samples were collected on day 15 of the estrous cycle. During the 8-wk experiment, for control ewes BW and BCS did not change, but for overfed ewes mean (± SEM) BW and BCS increased (11.8 ± 1.1 kg and 2.0 ± 0.1, respectively) and for underfed ewes decreased (14.2 ± 0.9 kg and 0.7 ± 0.1, respectively). The number of follicles was determined; oocytes were collected and subjected to in vitro maturation and fertilization. After IVF, developing embryos were evaluated throughout the 8-d culture period. The proportion of cleaved oocytes after IVF and developing morula and blastocyst were less (P < 0.0001) in overfed and underfed ewes than in control ewes. However, number of visible follicles, total number of oocytes, number of healthy oocytes, and percentage of healthy oocytes were similar for control, overfed, and underfed ewes. Serum insulin concentration was greater (P < 0.05) in overfed ewes than in underfed ewes, estradiol 17-β (E₂) concentration was greater (P < 0.05) in underfed ewes than in overfed ewes, but triiodothyronine (T₃) and thyroxine (T₄) concentrations were similar in all treatment groups. These data show that inadequate feeding has a negative effect on oocyte quality which results in lower oocyte cleavage after IVF and morula and blastocyst formation; overfeeding increased serum insulin and underfeeding increased serum E₂ but not T₃ or T₄. These data emphasize the importance of diet for reproductive and metabolic functions. Furthermore, the mechanisms through which enhanced or decreased energy in diet affect oocyte quality and serum insulin and E₂ concentrations remain to be elucidated.     

干草防腐剂在不同规格苜蓿干草捆中的应用效果研究

为了研究干草防腐剂的防霉效果,本文在调制苜蓿小方捆时添加巴斯夫防腐剂BLP,并在苜蓿大方捆中比较使用了自行研发的防腐剂LZP和防腐剂BLP。结果表明：在苜蓿小方捆中,25%水分打捆时,添加防腐剂BLP显著抑制了苜蓿草捆中霉菌的生长,但对营养品质没有显著影响;30%水分打捆时,防腐剂BLP显著降低了苜蓿干草中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的含量,当添加量为6 L·t^-1时,防腐剂BLP的防霉效果较为显著且增加了粗蛋白(CP)的含量。在苜蓿大方捆中,16%～19%水分打捆添加防腐剂BLP和LZP均能很好抑制霉菌的生长;而22%～25%水分打捆时时,两种防腐剂的对霉菌的抑制效果较差。上述结果表明调制苜蓿干草小方捆时添加6 L·t^-1防腐剂BLP能有效抑制霉菌的生长;自行研发的防腐剂LZP与BLP的防霉效果类似,具有一定的应用前景,但仍需进一步证明。