环模制粒粉体旋转挤压成型扭矩模型构建及试验

环模制粒成型技术以其高效率、高成型率、低污染等优点广泛应用于饲料机械、生物质能源机械、化工、制药等领域,而环模制粒过程扭矩模型的缺失已成为制约制粒技术发展的瓶颈之一。该文旨在通过理论分析、数值模拟与试验研究,建立粉体旋转挤压制粒成型过程精确扭矩模型,为粉体旋转挤压制粒成型装备的节能降耗及优化设计奠定理论基础。针对各向同性粉体物料,基于微单元受力分析及广义胡克定律,建立了旋转挤压制粒成型过程中模孔不同深度位置挤压压强的计算公式;基于DPC模型及实际辊轧工艺,建立了旋转挤压成型过程有限元分析模型,进行了压紧区应力分析;基于有限元模拟分析结果,设定变形压紧区的压强分布为二次曲线,建立了变形压紧区、挤压区的压强分布模型;最后建立了粉体旋转挤压制粒成型扭矩模型。以无线扭矩测试系统及环模制粒机为试验平台进行了鸡饲料的环模挤压制粒试验,求解得到了所有模型常量。设计了9组扭矩测试试验进行模型验证,测试结果与理论计算对比表明,试验值与计算值差距较小,最大计算误差仅为2.6%,这反映出建立的模型正确有效,对指导环模制粒机结构优化与节能降耗具有重要的意义。     

基于语义驱动的日光温室图纸三维建模方法

为了从日光温室施工图纸中重建出温室结构三维模型,提出基于语义映射的施工图纸三维重建方法。首先解析和分类日光温室施工图纸DXF文件,从中识别和理解主要特征构件,建立日光温室构件语义模型并生成分层控制参数,进而基于参数化驱动日光温室三维建模,最后对日光温室三维模型进行真实感渲染。该方法整合CAD制图与三维建模技术,有利于提高日光温室施工图纸的读图效率,建立的三维温室模型具有保真性、交互性和真实感等特性,可用于工程量和造价计算、温室结构优化以及虚拟展示。     

基于Modelica语言建模的柴油机稳动态性能仿真与试验

针对传统柴油机建模效率不高、所建模型抽象不易理解、软件平台开放程度差、模型通用性低的问题,采用多领域统一物理建模规范Modelica语言和面向对象的建模思想建立了柴油机的仿真模型。以上柴D4114B型发电用柴油机为例,在解决上述问题的同时模拟了负荷特性下柴油机的稳态过程,最高压力、排温等稳态数据点的实测值与仿真值的最大相对误差为8.9%,证明了所建立的柴油机模型具有较好的稳态性能。在此基础上进行了动态仿真,模拟了转速、单缸循环油量等参数的动态变化规律,并将部分参数的仿真值与实测值进行比较,两者吻合得比较好,证明了所建立的柴油机模型能较好地预测其动态性能,可为后续的基于Modelica语言的柴油机建模提供参考。     

The use of lysimeter data for the test of two soil–water balance models: A case study

Two soil–water balance models were tested by a comparison of simulated with measured daily rates of actual evapotranspiration, soil water storage, groundwater recharge, and capillary rise. These rates were obtained from twelve weighable lysimeters with three different soils and two different lower boundary conditions for the time period from January 1, 1996 to December 31, 1998. In that period, grass vegetation was grown on all lysimeters. These lysimeters are located in Berlin‐Dahlem, Germany. One model calculated the soil water balance using the Richards equation. The other one used a capacitance approach. Both models used the same modified Penman formula for the estimation of potential evapotranspiration and the same simple empirical vegetation model for the calculation of transpiration, interception, and evaporation. The comparisons of simulated with measured model outputs were analyzed using the modeling‐efficiency index IA and the root mean squared error RMSE. At some lysimeters, the uncalibrated application of both models led to an underestimation of cumulative and annual rates of groundwater recharge and capillary rise, despite a good simulation quality in terms of IA and RMSE. A calibration of soil‐hydraulic and vegetation parameters such as maximum rooting depth resulted in a better fit between simulated and observed cumulative and annual rates of groundwater recharge and capillary rise, but in some cases also decreased the simulation quality of both models in terms of IA and RMSE. The results of this calibration indicated that, in addition to a precise determination of the soil water‐retention functions, vegetation parameters such as rooting depth should also be observed. Without such information, the rooting depth is a calibration parameter. However, in some cases, the uncalibrated application of both models also led to an acceptable fit between measured and simulated model outputs.     

DEM栅格分辨率对多元线性土壤—景观模型及其制图应用的影响

以亚热带丘陵地区为对象,以该区4 km×3 km的5 m、10 m、15 m、20 m、25 m、30 m数字高程模型(DEM)为基础,建立多元线性土壤景观模型,并应用该模型预测研究区内土壤表层有机质含量分布,进而比较不同分辨率DEM中土壤景观模型及其预测制图的精度。结果表明:在本研究区11 km2范围内,随着DEM栅格分辨率降低,坡度、曲率、比汇水面积(对数)频度均表现出了向其中值区集中的趋势;地形因子的这一变化规律对土壤景观模型的影响较小,例如模型的变量、变量系数及R2在不同分辨率DEM中的差异很小;但地形因子的这一变化规律对模型预测制图的精度具有较大影响,各项指标均说明,模型在10~25 m DEM中的制图精度较高,而在更高分辨率(5 m)或更低分辨率(30 m)DEM中较低。本研究结果对其他亚热带丘陵地区具有一定的指示意义。     

All-around 3D plant modeling system using multiple images and its composition

In this study, we developed an all-around 3D plant modeling system that operates using images and is capable of measuring plants non-destructively without any contact. During the fabrication of this device, we selected a method capable of performing 3D model reconstruction from multiple images. We then developed an improved SfM-MVS (Structure from Motion / Multi-View-Stereo) method that enables 3D reconstruction by simply capturing images with a camera. The resulting image-based method offers a high degree of freedom because the hardware and software can comprise commercially available products, and it permits the use of one or more cameras according to the shape and size of the plant. The advantages of the image-based method are that 3D reconstruction can be conducted at any time as long as the images are already taken, and that the desired locations can be observed, measured, and analyzed from 2D images and a 3D point cloud. The device we developed is capable of 3D measurements and modeling of plants from a few millimeters to 2.4 m of height using this method. This article explains this device, the principles of its composition, and the accuracy of the models obtained from it.     

3D modeling and reconstruction of plants and trees: A cross-cutting review across computer graphics,vision, and plant phenotyping

This paper reviews the past and current trends of three-dimensional (3D) modeling and reconstruction of plants and trees. These topics have been studied in multiple research fields, including computer vision, graphics, plant phenotyping, and forestry. This paper, therefore, provides a cross-cutting review. Representations of plant shape and structure are first summarized, where every method for plant modeling and reconstruction is based on a shape/structure representation. The methods were then categorized into 1) creating non-existent plants (modeling) and 2) creating models from real-world plants (reconstruction). This paper also discusses the limitations of current methods and possible future directions.     

海南海花岛软基处理工程中真空预压法的改进与机理分析

疏浚淤泥这种超软土地基目前主要采用排水固结法进行加固,然而,工程实践发现,淤堵是一个重要的问题,新型防淤堵材料和施工工艺是研究的热点。依托恒大海南海花岛真空预压处理工程,引入一种应用于超软土地基处理的新型防淤堵真空预压法。该方法是直排式真空预压方法的进一步改进,将防淤堵排水板取代传统排水板,在连接方式上,将无孔钢丝软管取代了水平波纹管,也将传统的包扎捆绑改进成了三通密封接头,枪钉固定。结合施工动态监测和加固后检测,表明了该方法的加固效果和实用性。在此基础上,结合已有的室内模型试验研究,阐述其抽真空过程中在排水板附近防淤堵的原理和改善机制。     

双吸三元扭曲叶片离心泵的造型

双吸三元扭曲叶片离心泵具有叶片形状复杂与多流道等特征,其三维造型涉及问题较多,在泵的三维造型中具有普遍性.为此,以GAMBIT软件为设计平台,结合一个具体的双吸离心泵的造型实例,介绍了双吸离心泵扭曲叶片叶轮和螺旋形蜗壳等部件三维造型的方法,并给出了创建实体模型的详细步骤及三维模型图;此外,还简要说明了在Gambit软件中建模需要注意的问题.     

拖拉机液压悬挂装置的建模及仿真分析

分析了拖拉机液压悬挂装置的组成及工作原理,建立了系统的数学模型;并应用MATLAB软件对系统进行了稳定性分析和仿真,效果良好.建模仿真技术是研究机组系统整体的最佳设计(匹配)、最佳使用和提高机组效益的有效途径,为解决拖拉机机组系统分析与综合有效途径提供了参考依据.