魏晋南北朝时期的果品及其功用

先秦时期的典籍中就已经出现了大量有关果品的记载。果品不仅具备食用价值,还承载着丰富的文化内涵。随着农业科学技术的持续提升,魏晋南北朝时期果品种植的面积持续扩大,种植技术不断成熟,种植品类日益繁多,产品初加工和深加工能力增强。果品在饥馑灾荒年代可以充当主食饱腹,可以调节味道增添层次,果树既具备观赏价值,又可以作为经济作物提供经济效益。此外,果品还可以在社会生活中发挥作用,促进社会交往与文化交流。果品可用以彰显社会地位,可用以交际交流,可用以表达观点抒发情感,可用以下酒醒酒以避世。果品丰富的生活和社会功用使它在魏晋南北朝时期得到更广泛的开发和利用,并持续发展至今。     

Evidence for widespread Leishmania infantum infection among wild carnivores in L. infantum periendemic northern Spain

Leishmania spp. infection was investigated in tissue samples of wild carnivores from the Spanish Basque Country (BC), by PCR and DNA sequencing. The region is at the northern periphery of Leishmania infantum endemic Iberian Peninsula and infection in the dog (reservoir) or other species has not been previously reported. Leishmania kinetoplast DNA was detected by real-time PCR (rtPCR) in 28% (44/156) of animals. Specifically, in 26% of Eurasian badgers (n = 53), 29% of foxes (n = 48), 29% of stone martens (n = 21) and in 25–50% of less numerous species including genets, wild cats, pole cats, European mink and weasels. Infected animals particularly badgers, were most prevalent in the southernmost province of the BC (Araba) in areas dominated by arable land. Subsequent amplification and sequencing of a fragment of the rRNA internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) from a subset of rtPCR positives samples confirmed the species as L. infantum, showing a high sequence homogeneity with ITS2 sequences of L. infantum from dogs and humans from southern Spain. In summary, this study reports for the first time L. infantum infection in wild carnivores from the BC including in stone martens, pole cats and minks in which infection has not been previously described. It supports the need to study infection in dogs and people in this region and is an example of the value of infection surveillance in wildlife to assess potential risks in the domestic environment and their role in spreading infections in non-endemic areas.     

冀北山地鼠害综合防治技术研究

针对冀北山地的森林鼠害发生规律及防治措施进行了研究,通过铗捕法和洞口统计法进行鼠害种类及密度的调查;通过踏查确定主要危害树种;采用化学、物理、营林、生物药剂、天敌等5种方法进行了防治效果对比分析。结果表明,该区域威胁森林资源安全的主要鼠害为棕背鼲,油松是其主要为害树种;7月、8月是其为害高峰期,也是防治的关键期;物理防治(树干套管)和营林措施(割灌除草)防治效果最好,分别达到83%和89%,并且具有可操作性,适合大面积推广;天敌防治见效周期较长,是解决森林鼠害的治本之道,但短期效果不太明显,生物药剂防治效果不佳。     

阿尔金山北麓野骆驼生境植被调查研究

阿尔金山北麓是野生双峰驼的主要分布地区之一,在该地区野生双峰驼的生境内设立样线样方,对野生双峰驼生境内沙漠植被组成、地理区系和群落多样性等特征进行调查分析。结果表明,该地区的沙漠植物较为稀少,有9科17属17种植物,植物区系倾向于集中在少数大科和单种属内,优势科属的组成较少;该地区植物科的地理分布型有3种,属有5种地理分布型和2个变型,总体植物区系的温带性质较为明显,并呈现了与古地中海成分的相关性;该地区的植物群落物种组成稀少,结构单一,群落多样性指数较低,这与荒漠植物生境的严酷性有密切关系。     

Arctic charr in Britain and Ireland – 15 species or one?

Abstract –  From both a modern and a historical perspective there is little doubt that the Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus , in Britain and Ireland (as well as elsewhere) is a 'difficult' species. Historically 15 separate species have been recognised from populations in Britain and Ireland and there have been recent attempts to reassert these specific names. Here we review the evidence for the status of these 'species'. We conclude that the evidence for these 15 being afforded full species status is poor. However, both historical and contemporary data show that Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus 1758) in Britain and Ireland exhibits levels of variability in form that is much greater than in other species. We argue that a comprehensive genotypic and phenotypic survey of charr populations in Britain and Ireland is required to determine the full extent of variability and the status of populations with a view of providing suitable protection.     

Behavioural interactions of seabirds with suspended mussel longlines

Increased abundances of a number of seabird species have been found in areas of mussel longline aquaculture (compared to control sites) in a recent study at Bantry Bay, southwest Ireland. The aim of this study was to investigate whether this form of mussel aquaculture also affects the activity budgets and foraging behaviour of these seabirds. Scan-sampling was used to compare seabird activity budgets between three areas of mussel longline aquaculture and three control sites. Foraging activities of Great-Northern Divers Gavia immer, an Annex 1 species under the Euopean Union's Birds Directive, were also compared between sites using focal sampling. The behaviour of gulls (Larus sp.), Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo, Shags Phalacrocorax aristotelis and Great-Northern Divers (but not auks, Alcidae) differed significantly between areas of mussel aquaculture and control sites in this study. Mussel suspension buoys were heavily utilized by gulls, cormorants and shags as safe perching platforms for preening activities. Gulls also fed extensively on epifauna attached to the buoys. Great-Northern Divers spent more time snorkelling (head submerged in search of food) in mussel sites than in the control sites, however dive duration and visible foraging success rates did not differ significantly between sites. Overall, the environmental impact of mussel suspension culture appears to be positive or neutral on marine bird species occurring at this study site.     

A rapid immunoperoxidase-based virus neutralization assay for salmonid alphavirus used for a serological survey in Northern Ireland

A modified virus neutralization (VN) assay was developed to replace an existing assay read on the presence or absence of virus-induced cytopathic effect (CPE). The modified assay used a monoclonal antibody to salmon pancreas disease virus as the first layer of an immunoperoxidase (IPX)-based immunostaining technique to detect viral growth. The IPX-based VN assay required only 3 days to perform, and the adoption of a 96-well microtitre format facilitated a high throughput of samples requiring small volumes of serum, cells and virus. When 352 sera from farmed salmon and 302 sera from farmed trout were tested by both the modified and the original CPE-based assays, overall correlations of 97.72 and 96.03% were, respectively, obtained (96.94% combined). When the modified assay was used to test 188 sera collected from wild salmonids in freshwater river systems in Northern Ireland, no positive results were recorded.     

闽北丝栗栲的单木级生物量模型及估算参数

[目的]研究丝栗栲单木级生物量模型及估算参数。[方法]以闽北典型的阔叶树种——丝栗栲为研究对象,基于20株标准木的测量数据建立丝栗栲的单木级生物量模型和生物量估算参数。[结果]①筛选出总量及各部分生物量模型分别是B=0.095D2.561(整株)、B=0.026(D2H)0.986(树干)、B=0.004D2.916(树枝)、B=0.002D3.074(树叶)、B=0.085D2.536(地上)和B=0.010D2.718(地下)。②生物量换算系数的平均值为0.853 mg/m3(n=20,SD=0.167);生物量扩展系数的平均值为1.403(n=20,SD=0.260);根茎比的平均值为0.189(n=20,SD=0.046)。[结论]该研究为亚热带常绿阔叶林的森林生物量准确估算提供了必要的数据支撑。     

滴灌条件下水肥耦合对北疆冬小麦生理生长和产量的影响

[目的]研究滴灌下水肥耦合对北疆冬小麦生理生长与产量的影响,确定北疆滴灌冬小麦最佳水肥施用量.[方法]供试作物为当地主栽小麦品种新冬8号.采用2因素3水平设计,2因素为灌水量和施氮量,灌水量3个水平分别为2 700、3 600、4 500 m3/hm2,施氮量3个水平分别为150、450、750 kg/hm2;对照为常规畦灌处理,灌水4次,灌水量为3 600 m3/hm2,施肥量为450 kg/hm2.[结果]滴灌和畦灌条件下冬小麦株高变化趋势为返青分蘖期至抽穗期急剧增长,抽穗后株高增长相对缓慢;拔节期水分增加对小麦株高的影响较大;在相同灌水量的情况下,冬小麦株高随着施氮量的增加而增大;在相同施氮量的情况下,滴灌冬小麦株高随着灌水量的增加而增大.滴灌和畦灌条件下,冬小麦叶面积指数（LAI）在生育期内呈正态曲线变化,随着小麦生育期推进LAI呈先升后降的变化趋势,孕穗期LAI最高;在相同灌水量的情况下,随着施氮量的增加,LAI也增大;在相同施氮量的情况下,随着灌水量的增加,LAI随着增大;水肥耦合对小麦产量、穗数、千粒重和质量影响较大,但对穗粒数的影响不显著.[结论]该研究可为大面积推广冬小麦滴灌技术和制定合理的灌溉施肥管理措施提供科学依据.     

鲁北夏玉米施锌效果及其影响因素

2010~2012年,通过玉米锌肥施用技术试验,重点研究了玉米施用锌肥的有效性及影响玉米锌肥效果的相关因素。结果表明:鲁北褐土化潮土上施用锌肥一般增产14.3%左右;以666.7m2基施1.0~2.0kg锌肥效果较佳,叶面喷施则以0.20%浓度硫酸锌效果最佳,喷施时期以苗期和拔节期施用效果较好,土壤有效锌含量在0.6 mg/kg以下时施用锌肥有稳定的增产效果。