北方紫竹盆景制作技术

综述了紫竹的地域分布、生态习性、现赏价值,重点从母竹的选择和挖掘方法、上盆技术、盆景的养护管理措施等3个方面研究总结了紫竹盆景制作的关键技术,比较分析了紫竹盆景最适宜的租摆场所和所表达的意境.     

陕北枣林病虫害生态调控复合模式的可行性分析

基于有害生物控制的原理,考虑陕北黄土高原环境特点和资源优势,结合国家退耕还林生态工程,提出乔木(枣树)—灌木—牧草(作物)—畜禽栽种养殖为一体作为陕北枣林病虫害生态调控的复合模式,并就其机制和可行性进行了较为深入的分析,对陕北红枣产业具有一定的实践指导意义。     

Aquacrop模型在北疆棉花生育期灌溉洗盐制度优化中的适用性

为明确Aquacrop模型在北疆棉田膜下滴灌和地下滴灌方式下生长和生产模拟的适用性，并探究棉田生育期最优灌溉洗盐制度，该研究以2020和2021年的田间试验数据对模型参数进行校正和验证，并用校正好的模型揭示3种灌溉水平（100%ETc、80%ETc、60%ETc，其中ETc为作物需水量）、3种淋洗总定额（0、120和240 mm）、3种灌水频率（5、7和10 d/次）和3种降水年型（湿润年、平水年、干旱年）对棉花产量和灌溉水生产力的影响。结果表明，2021年所有处理的冠层覆盖度、地上生物量归一化均方根误差（normalized root mean square error, NRMSE）不大于20.998%，一致性指数d≥0.967，决定系数R²≥0.914，产量均方根误差（root mean square error, RMSE）、NRMSE、d和R²分别为0.389 t/hm²、6.797%、0.836和0.754，模型整体模拟效果良好。基于58 a气象数据的模型模拟表明：灌溉水平、淋洗定额、降水年型对棉花产量和灌溉水生产力的影响显著，灌水频率的影响不显著；在平均土壤含盐量范围为12～18 g/kg的植棉区域，综合考虑产量、灌溉水生产力及实际生产情况，湿润年推荐80%ETc+120 mm的灌溉淋洗总定额，平水年和干旱年推荐100%ETc+120 mm的灌溉淋洗总定额；推荐延长灌水频率至10 d/次以减少灌水次数，节约成本。研究可以为Aquacrop模型在棉田中的应用积累经验，为农业水资源高效利用提供理论指导与技术支撑。     

北洛河流域植被恢复的支撑体系

北洛河流域自实行退耕还林政策以来取得了显著成效,但是实践证明植被恢复不是简单的种树种草,必须要根据生态学原则合理种植,既要有技术支撑,还必须考虑到退耕后农民的生存问题,也就是粮食与能源的问题,并要保证农民有一定的经济收入,最后指出要解决好以上问题,必须靠国家政策的支撑。     

辽北花生主产区的生产优势和发展对策

通过对辽宁省北部花生种植区地球化学调查，分析了花生种植区的气候特征和土壤理化性质，阐述了辽北地区花生生产的优势，并针对辽北地区花生生产目前存在的突出问题。     

植被培育抗旱分析

随着气候的演变,植被培育面临严峻的干旱缺水形势。为进一步增强抗旱的主动性和有效性,主要以作物栽培为背景,重点论述了有关抗旱的基础问题。通过分析干旱的特点、表现形式、区域差异、相对性、降水和灌溉水的利用状况、应对干旱的策略等,以明晰抗旱的依据。认为土壤水分亏缺是干旱的主要表征;土壤干旱的滞后性,也即和大气干旱的非同步性,是抗旱的一个重要依据。通过对抗旱途径的讨论,细分出避旱、御旱二个方面,并且认为御旱应当是正常的生产方式。抗旱具有高效、节约用水的特征,直接抗旱和间接抗旱都是必要的。最后,还补充阐述了水文干旱、降水资源化利用的意义。     

伪钝绥螨对北方环境条件适应性的研究

伪钝绥螨在11.23～36℃的温度范围内均能正常生长,但在30℃以上产卵量降低一半.相对湿度70%以上是其生育的适宜湿度,低湿度下卵的孵化率低,是影响成活率的主要原因.但低湿度并不影响卵的胚胎发育,而是阻碍幼螨的孵化,只要在卵期的最后7～10小时有适宜的湿度,仍有很高的孵化率.该螨取食山楂叶螨或朱砂叶螨均能正常生育,取食苹果、桃的花粉,其产卵量和发育速度与取食叶螨无显著差异.根据伪钝绥螨对环境的要求及我国北方苹果园的生态条件,作者认为有可能在渤海湾一带的苹果产区定居,并能对害螨发挥较好的控制作用.     

Ground-layer plant community responses to even-age and uneven-age silvicultural treatments in Wisconsin northern hardwood forests

We evaluated ground-layer plant diversity and community composition in northern hardwood forests among uncut controls and stands managed with even-age or uneven-age silvicultural systems. Even-age treatments included diameter-limit cuttings (20-cm diameter at 30-cm stem height) in 1952 and shelterwood removals in 1964. Uneven-age treatments included three intensities of selection harvest (light, 20.6 m²/ha residual basal area after harvest; medium, 17.2 m²/ha residual basal area; and heavy, 13.8 m²/ha residual basal area) that were applied in 1952, 1962, 1972, and 1982. All treatments were winter logged over snow pack. In 1991, plant diversity and community composition were examined. Species richness for spring ephemerals ranged from 1 to 6 species/150-m², spring ephemeral diversity (Shannon's Index of Diversity) averaged 0.57 ± 0.04 and evenness averaged 0.45 ± 0.03. Summer flowering species richness ranged from 1 to 18 species/1-m², with an average diversity of 0.71 ± 0.07 and evenness of 0.42 ± 0.03. We found no significant differences among treatments for any of these variables, although power to detect a difference (at p = 0.05) was low in all cases (0.15–0.55) due to high variance and low replication. Community composition was not significantly different among the treatments, for either spring (p = 0.09) or summer (p = 0.79) flora. Few exotic species were found in any treatment. Lack of exotic invasions and minimal differences in plant diversity or composition among treatments may be due, in part, to the negligible amount of soil disturbance that resulted from winter logging. While other (unmeasured) ecosystem components may differ among these silvicultural treatments, our results suggest that ground-layer plant communities in northern hardwood ecosystems are either resistant to change or have recovered within the 40 years since disturbance in the even-age treatments and within 10 years since disturbance in the uneven-age treatments.     

Above- and belowground biomass measurements in an unthinned stand of Sitka spruce (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Picea sitchensis</Emphasis> (Bong) Carr.)

Reporting carbon (C) stocks in tree biomass (above- and belowground) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) should be transparent and verifiable. The development of nationally specific data is considered ‘good practice’ to assist in meeting these reporting requirements. From this study, biomass functions were developed for estimating above- and belowground C stock in a 19-year-old stand of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong) Carr.). Our estimates were then tested against current default values used for reporting in Ireland and literature equations. Ten trees were destructively sampled to develop aboveground and tree component biomass equations. The roots were excavated and a root:shoot (R) ratio developed to estimate belowground biomass. Application of the total aboveground biomass function yielded a C stock estimate for the stand of 74 tonnes C ha⁻¹, with an uncertainty of 7%. The R ratio was determined to be 0.23, with an uncertainty of 10%. The C stock estimate of the belowground biomass component was then calculated to be 17 tonnes C ha⁻¹, with an uncertainty of 12%. The equivalent C stock estimate from the biomass expansion factor (BEF) method, applying Ireland’s currently reported default values for BEF (inclusive of belowground biomass), wood density and C concentration and methods for estimating volume, was found to be 60 tonnes C ha⁻¹, with an uncertainty of 26%. We found that volume tables, currently used for determining merchantable timber volume in Irish forestry conditions, underestimated volume since they did not extend to the yield of the forest under investigation. Mean stock values for belowground biomass compared well with that generated using published models.