Grain yield,growth response,and water use efficiency of direct wet-seeded rice as affected by nitrogen rates under alternate wetting and drying irrigation system

ABSTRACT

The present investigation aimed to determine the effectiveness of different nitrogen (N) rates on grain yield, growth, and water use efficiencies of direct wet-seeded rice and to create a relationship of N rates with growth parameters and dry matter production at different stages. The experiments compared six rates of nitrogen (0, 40,80,120,160, and 200 kg ha^–1N) replicated thrice in randomized complete block design in two conjunctive years of 2009–2010 and 2010–2011 at Bangladesh Rice Research Institute farm, Gazipur.The highest grain yield of 7.85 and 7.22 t ha^?1 was observed in N₂₀₀ treatment in 2009–2010 and 2010–2011, respectively. The relationship (R²) of total dry matter with leaf area index , leaf area duration, and crop growth rate indicated strong association during booting stage to achieved maximum dry matter during harvest. Water use efficiency varied 87–91% in different N levels.     

Nitrogen for no‐tillage corn in Virginia: Sources and time of application

Abstract

No‐tillage corn (Zea mays L.) culture normally entails the placement of N fertilizer on the soil surface without mechanical incorporation. This field investigation was conducted to compare the N fertilizers that are most widely used in Virginia, when applied in this manner, for their effectiveness in producing notillage corn. Comparisons of the time of applying NH₄NO₃ were also made. Grain and stover yields, in addition to N removed in the crop, were used to draw conclusions. The experiments were conducted on both fertile and infertile soils in 1972 and 1973, both of which were relatively wet years. The fertilizers tested, urea, NH₄NO₃, and N solutions, were equally effective, per unit of N applied. Split applications of NH₄NO₃ showed no statistically significant advantage over all applied at planting but slightly trended to do so. N deficiency reduced grain yields relatively more than stover yields.     

Nitrogen management for malting barley

Abstract

Malting barley is a specialized agricultural crop in which high yields and quality are production objectives. We evaluated the effects of different N rates on barley yields and selected malting quality parameters grown on irrigated silt loam soils (Xerollic calciorthids). Maximum barley yields having acceptable malting quality parameters were obtained when the preplant soil NO₃‐N plus fertilizer N was between 100 to 120 kg N/ha. About 33 kg N/ha was taken up by the plants from the mineralization of soil organic N. Higher available N levels decreased malting quality parameters below acceptable levels. Germination percentage was not changed by the different N rates.     

Fiber‐optic spectrophotometry of cowpea nodules treated with nitrate or ammonium

Abstract

Cowpea nodules (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp. cv. CB5) were pierced with two opposing optical fibers (280 μm diameter), and absorbance spectra of 0.1 mm of nodule tissue were recorded from 415 to 600 nm using a modified spectrophotometer with a nodule sampling stage.

The nodule spectra exhibited two absorbance bands, a major band in the near‐UV (415–450 nm) and a lesser one in the green‐yellow region (510–585 nm); the latter exhibited a prominent peak at 550 nm. Nodule spectra were consistent with the superposition of the spectra of ferroleghemoglobin (Lb²⁺), oxyleghemoglobin (Lb²⁺‐ O₂), and cytochrome c (550 nm). The detection of leghemoglobin in vivo was confirmed by demonstrating the reversibility of binding of CO to Lb, and by comparing the spectra of live nodules with those obtained from anaerobic leghemoglobin preparations.

The effects on the nodule spectra of two successive applications (36 and 39 days after planting) of 5 and 10 mM NO₃ ^‐ or NH₄ ⁺ to the nutrient solution bathing the nodulated roots were determined. The spectra of NO₃ ^‐‐ and NH₄ ⁺‐treated nodules were indistinguishable; in each case the height of both the near‐UV and green‐yellow absorbance bands decreased with treatment. Treatment with N caused a significant reduction in the area of the green‐yellow absorbance band.

The spectra of green leghemoglobin pigments were obtained from senescent nodules; these exhibited a reduction in the height of the near‐UV absorbance band and a flattening of the green‐yellow band similar to that of nodules treated with N, but the broadening of the near‐UV band was greater in green nodules.     

高基施比例条件下施氮量对覆膜种植烤烟氮素利用的影响

2009年采用大田小区试验,在广东南雄烟区探讨了高基肥比例条件下(无机肥料N基追比为7:3)施N量对覆膜种植烤烟N素利用的影响。试验结果表明:①饼肥和猪粪(N=64.50 kg/hm2,其中饼肥N 42.00%,不施用无机肥料N)有较强的持续供N能力,在烤烟移栽后30~75天使烟株根际土壤NO3--N浓度仍能维持在550.00 mg/kg以上;②在基施饼肥和猪粪(N=64.50 kg/hm2)的基础上,增施48~168 kg/hm2的无机N肥可显著提高烤烟移栽后75天前烟株根际土壤NO3--N含量,但在移栽75天后烟株根际土壤NO3--N积累效应不显著;③试验无机肥料供N范围内(48~168 kg/hm2),施N量对烤烟产量、产值、等级结构和内在化学品质无显著影响,但48 kg/hm2的施N量处理其N肥利用率和农学利用率极显著高于108kg/hm2和168 kg/hm2处理;④在广东南雄烟区地膜覆盖栽培条件下,基施64.50 kg/hm2有机N、配施48 kg/hm2无机N(基追比为7:3)可有效满足烤烟N素营养需求,提高N肥利用率和烟农的经济效应。     

氮营养水平对烤烟根际土壤酶活性及烟叶内在品质的影响

田间试验研究了不同时期烤烟根际各土层土壤酶活性变化规律及其不同施氮量对烟叶品质的影响。结果表明:0~20 cm土层范围内,施氮可以提高圆顶期、采烤期及采烤结束后土壤脲酶、转化酶的活性,但当施氮量超过52.5 kg hm-2时,脲酶、转化酶的活性反而降低;土壤蛋白酶活性均在37.5 kg hm-2处理达到最大值,且随着施氮量的增多大都呈现降低的趋势。20~80 cm土层范围内,土壤脲酶、转化酶、蛋白酶活性变化规律并不一致。对于烤后烟叶,施氮量为52.5 kg hm-2的烟叶,糖碱比、氮碱比、钾氯比均比较适宜,化学成分较为协调,燃烧性较好,有利于优质烟叶品质的形成。说明在该地区的试验条件下,水稻土种植烤烟最适宜的施氮量为52.5 kg hm-2。     

青贮玉米-牛粪尿体系的15N标记及氮素转化研究

15N示踪技术已开始应用于畜禽粪便氮素循环与利用研究领域,而15N在畜禽粪便不同组分和不同形态氮素中的丰度与数量将直接影响到畜禽粪便15N示踪去向与氮素实际去向的一致性。为了解15N在畜禽粪便标记过程的转化特点和在标记粪尿的分布特征,本文首先采用改进的、含有15N标记硫酸铵(60 atom%15N)的Hoagland营养液砂培种植15N玉米,然后将15N玉米和普通玉米以55∶45的氮配比作为混合青贮饲料饲喂1头已空腹2 d的2龄黄牛,饲喂4 d后停喂2 d,收集全部牛粪尿并对其不同组分和形态氮素的15N丰度和数量进行分析。结果表明:标记玉米、混合青贮饲料、牛粪尿的15N丰度分别为48.024%、26.579%和8.044%;标记玉米对硫酸铵15N的回收率为26.3%,牛粪尿对标记玉米15N回收率为36.0%。在收集的牛粪尿氮中,牛粪全氮、牛尿全氮、牛粪铵态氮和牛尿铵态氮量分别占70.25%、29.75%、5.44%和0.03%,其15N丰度分别为9.223%、5.261%、6.505%和5.419%。在短期内通过饲喂黄牛15N青贮饲料制备的标记牛粪尿中,15N丰度在不同组分和形态氮素中的分布并不相同,牛尿氮的15N丰度低于牛粪氮,矿质态和易于矿化态氮的15N丰度低于不易矿化态氮。     

不同氮源与镁配施对甘蓝产量、品质和养分吸收的影响

采用田间试验和室内分析相结合的方法,研究不同氮源与镁配施对甘蓝(Brassica oleracea L.)产量、品质和养分吸收的影响。试验在等氮条件下设4个氮源,分别为不施氮肥、100%铵态氮、50%铵态氮+50%硝态氮、100%硝态氮;设4个硫酸镁施用量,分别为0、75 kg·hm-2、150 kg·hm-2、300 kg·hm-2。结果表明,100%硝态氮与中量(150 kg·hm-2)镁配施处理的甘蓝产量比不施肥处理、100%铵态氮与中量镁配施处理和50%铵态氮+50%硝态氮与中量镁配施处理分别增产56.9%、14.7%和5.2%。施用100%硝态氮处理的甘蓝产量略高于50%硝态氮+50%铵态氮处理,比施用100%铵态氮处理和不施肥处理分别增产13.0%和44.2%。施用低量(75kg·hm-2)镁肥的甘蓝产量比不施镁肥增产9.3%,而增加镁肥用量对甘蓝产量没有显著影响。施用100%硝态氮、50%铵态氮+50%硝态氮和100%铵态氮处理的甘蓝硝酸盐含量比不施氮肥处理分别增加84.4%、63.4%和6.9%。100%硝态氮与高量(300 kg·hm-2)镁肥配合施用的甘蓝硝酸盐含量比不施肥处理、100%铵态氮与高量镁肥配施处理和50%铵态氮+50%硝态氮与高镁肥配施处理分别增加101.4%、82.3%和14.1%。施用高量镁肥处理甘蓝硝酸盐含量比不施肥处理增加11.2%。随着硝态氮比例增加,甘蓝维生素C、还原糖、总氨基酸含量相应增加,镁肥施用量对甘蓝维生素C、还原糖、总氨基酸含量影响明显。随着硝态氮比例增加,甘蓝对磷、钾和钙吸收量显著增加;随着镁施用量增加,磷、钾和镁吸收量相应增加。不同氮源与镁肥相互作用对甘蓝维生素C含量,氮、磷、钾、钙和镁养分吸收均有明显的影响。本研究表明,50%硝态氮和50%铵态氮混合与适量镁肥配合施用,既能增加甘蓝产量,提高维生素C、还原糖和总氨基酸含量,又能减少硝酸盐含量,提高甘蓝品质。     

冬小麦不同生育阶段水分利用对保水剂与氮肥的响应

为探明保水剂和氮肥及其配施后对冬小麦不同生育阶段水分利用的作用机理,通过大田试验,以不施保水剂和氮肥为对照,研究了保水剂(60 kg.hm 2)与氮肥[0、225 kg(N).hm 2、450 kg(N).hm 2]单施及其配施后对冬小麦不同生育阶段的土壤水分、干物质积累及水分利用的作用特征。结果表明:保水剂和氮肥的施用均提高了土壤剖面各层次的含水量及冬小麦干物质积累量、产量和水分利用效率。各处理中以单施450kg(N).hm 2氮肥、单施保水剂及保水剂与450 kg(N).hm 2氮肥配施处理土壤含水量较高。不施保水剂时,随施氮量的增加,冬小麦地上部干物质积累量显著提高。施用保水剂时,氮肥用量过高,干物质积累有所降低。拔节—收获期,保水剂与225 kg(N).hm 2氮肥配施处理冬小麦干物质积累量均较高,且到生育后期效果更明显。在播种—拔节期和孕穗—灌浆期,随氮肥用量的增加水分利用效率提高,且保水剂与氮肥配施处理增加幅度更大。而灌浆—收获期,高氮[450 kg(N).hm 2]和保水剂与225 kg(N).hm 2氮肥配施处理的水分利用效率提高幅度最大,分别较对照增加53.8%和57.8%。而最终产量与水分生产效率以60 kg.hm 2保水剂与225 kg(N).hm 2氮肥配施处理最高。说明氮肥用量适宜时,施用保水剂冬小麦产量和水分利用效率的提高幅度更大。     

东北典型稻区不同种植模式下稻田氮素径流损失特征研究

为了降低东北稻区稻田氮素径流损失,选择东北典型水稻种植区盘锦市,开展了不同栽培模式下水稻生长季田间氮素径流监测试验,试验设5个处理:对照(CK)、常规模式(TR)、稻蟹共生(CR)、有机水稻(OR)和减量施肥(RR),利用集水池收集各处理的地表径流,并测定径流的硝态氮、铵态氮、总氮含量,计算氮素流失量。研究结果显示:稻田地表径流损失的铵态氮远高于硝态氮;稻蟹共生和常规模式处理田间排水铵态氮的损失量相差不大,减量施肥处理比常规模式处理低26%,有机水稻处理比常规模式低73%。稻蟹共生处理比常规模式处理排水中硝态氮的排放量少23%,减量施肥处理比常规模式处理减少34%,有机水稻处理比常规模式处理低67%。稻蟹共生和常规模式处理排水总氮排放量无显著差异,分别为6.15 kg.hm 2和5.89 kg.hm 2;减量施肥处理显著低于常规模式处理,总氮排放量为4.76 kg.hm 2,比常规模式处理低19%;有机水稻处理在各水稻模式中总氮排放量最低,仅为1.93 kg.hm 2,并且显著低于常规模式处理,比常规模式处理低67%。