Economic profitability of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) production in Kenya

Economic profitability of Nile tilapia production in Kenya was analysed using a model that simulated individual fish growth and took fish population dynamics in the pond into account. The results suggest that the currently practiced mixed‐sex tilapia culture is economically unsustainable. It is suggested that research and extension efforts be geared towards developing monosex Nile tilapia production systems. Nile tilapia culture with African catfish predation should be viewed as an intermediate step towards all‐male Nile tilapia culture. This will allow accumulation of both physical and human capital to support all‐male tilapia culture. Under all‐male culture, economic returns are high enough to justify investment in Nile tilapia culture using borrowed capital. However, the success of monosex culture will depend on the availability and affordability of quality fingerlings and low‐cost fish feeds. The results have a wide application in Sub‐Saharan Africa where mixed‐sex Nile tilapia culture is common.     

西尼罗病毒病及其病原的研究进展

概述了西尼罗病毒病在国外的流行状况、危害及我国的研究现状,着重阐述了近年来在其基础病毒学、诊断技术、疫苗及防治方面的研究进展,为该病的深入研究提供了参考。     

Surveillance and Early Warning of West Nile Virus Lineage 2 Using Backyard Chickens and Correlation to Human Neuroinvasive Cases

In 2010, a West Nile virus (WNV) epidemic was reported in Central Macedonia, Northern Greece, with 197 neuroinvasive disease (WNND) cases in humans. The following 3 years, WNV spreads to new areas of Greece and human cases reoccurred during the transmission periods. After the initial outbreak, a WNV surveillance system using juvenile backyard chickens was established in Central Macedonia (after the 2011 outbreak) and Eastern Macedonia‐Thrace (after the 2012 outbreak). Sera were screened for the presence of antibodies against WNV using cELISA and serum neutralization test, to monitor the spread of WNV and to assess the correlation between the WNV point seroprevalence in chickens and the incidence rates of human WNND cases in the aforementioned areas. WNV seroprevalence in chickens was 10.4% (95% CI: 7–15) in Central Macedonia (2011) and 18.1% (95% CI: 14–23) in Eastern Macedonia‐Thrace (2012). Seroprevalence in chickens and incidence rates of human WNND cases in Eastern Macedonia‐Thrace were strongly positively correlated (ρ = 0.98, P = 0.005) at the regional unit level, with the incidence of WNND in humans increasing with increasing WNV point seroprevalence in chickens. In Central Macedonia, the correlation was weaker (ρ = 0.68, P = 0.20), apparently due to small number of reported human WNND cases. Another study was also conducted using juvenile backyard chickens in Central Macedonia, aiming to detect early WNV enzootic circulation, before the onset of human cases during 2011 and 2013. The first seroconverted chickens were detected about 1.5 months before the laboratory diagnosis of any human WNND cases in Central Macedonia, for both years. WNV surveillance, using juvenile backyard chickens, was reliable for the identification of areas with WNV enzootic and silent transmission, and for early warning. Timely diffusion of information to public health authorities facilitated the successful implementation of preparedness plans to protect public health.     

电子鼻结合GC-MS分析不同干燥方式对罗非鱼片挥发性风味成分的影响

为了解不同干燥方式对罗非鱼片挥发性风味物质的影响,为罗非鱼片加工提供参考依据,采用电子鼻和顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术(HS-SPME-GC-MS)分析了经超声波辅助聚葡萄糖渗透热泵干燥(UAPOHPD)、热泵干燥(HPD)、超声波辅助聚葡萄糖渗透真空冷冻-热泵联合干燥(UAPOVFHPCD)和真空冷冻干燥...     

Public safety aspects of pyrethroid insecticides used in West Nile virus-carrying mosquito control

West Nile virus is becoming increasingly prevalent in the USA, causing fever, encephalitis, meningitis and many fatalities. Spread of the disease is reduced by controlling the mosquito vectors by a variety of means, including the use of pyrethroid insecticides, which are currently under scrutiny for potential carcinogenic effects in humans. Pyrethrins and resmethrin, a pyrethroid, have been shown to cause tumours in rat and mouse models respectively. However, the tumours appear to be caused by liver enzyme induction and hypertrophy rather than genotoxicity, and the results are therefore unlikely to be applicable to humans. Nonetheless, for resmethrin, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has concluded that there is a likely risk of carcinogenicity in humans, requiring the manufacturers to provide more detailed data to prove that it can be used safely in vector control. Reproductive toxicity of resmethrin in the rat is also discussed.     

West Nile virus in North America: perspectives on epidemiology and intervention

West Nile virus (WNV) invaded New York in 1999 and rapidly swept across the North American continent to the West Coast, north into southern Canada and south into Latin America, with minimal genetic change. Regional epidemics in equines and humans typically have included a year of viral introduction with minimal activity, successful overwintering, explosive amplification to epidemic levels the following year and then rapid subsidence. Overwintering possibly included long-term mosquito or avian infections, continued low-level transmission at southern latitudes and dispersal by south-north migrants. Explosive amplification has been associated with infections in several corvid species and other urban birds that produce elevated viremias capable of efficiently infecting even moderately susceptible mosquito species. Intervention has included mass vaccination of equines, and proactive and reactive mosquito control. Proactive mosquito control in areas with established infrastructure has been successful in reducing case incidence.     

零换水条件下复合益生菌对罗非鱼生长性能、肌肉品质及养殖水体环境的影响

【目的】研究零换水条件下复合益生菌对罗非鱼生长性能、肌肉品质及养殖水体环境的影响,为渔 业节能减排与生态高效健康养殖提供参考。【方法】以罗非鱼为研究对象,在零换水条件下添加复合益生菌（试 验处理）开展罗非鱼养殖试验,以正常换水的养殖模式作为对照,进行罗非鱼生长性能、肌肉品质及主要水质指 标、细菌群落结构的对比。【结果】在零换水条件下,试验处理罗非鱼成活率为 83.3%,显著高于对照;饵料系 数 2.3,显著低于对照;肌肉品质方面,试验处理粗蛋白含 22.17%,显著高于对照。在整个养殖周期,试验处理 的主要水质指标维持相对稳定,水温为 26.5~30.5℃,pH 为 7.0~8.0,而亚硝酸盐为 0.039 mg/L,显著低于对照; 两组优势菌群相似,但试验处理菌群多样性指数高于对照。【结论】在零换水条件下,养殖水体中添加复合益生 菌提高了罗非鱼的成活率,降低了饵料系数,并在一定程度上改善了肌肉品质,并对养殖水环境具有改善作用, 菌群多样性指数提高,在整个养殖生产周期内对常规养殖模式依靠频繁换水释放环境压力的替代作用良好。     

Karyotype analysis of Oreochromis mortimeri (Trewavas) and Sarotherodon melanotheron (Rüppell)

The karyotypes of both Oreochromis mortimeri (Trewavas) and Sarotherodon melanotheron (Rüppell) are shown to consist of 22 pairs of chromosomes (2n = 44). In O. mortimeri, the karyotype is composed of 9 sm/st and 13 t chromosomes. In the case of S. melanotheron, the karyotype is composed of 15 sm/st, 2 m and 5 t chromosomes. The karyotypes of these species are therefore similar to those of the majority of other tilapia species, with that of S. melanotheron being considerably different from that previously reported for this species.     

Effects of feeding rates on growth and production of Nile tilapia, common carp and silver carp polycultured in fertilized ponds

Abstract In an attempt to identify appropriate feeding rates for multispecies of fish raised in fertilized earthen ponds, the present work was conducted over a 19‐week experimental period to establish the growth performance, production and body composition of Nile tilapia, common carp and silver carp fed 0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 3.0%, 5.0% biomass and to apparent satiation (treatments). Twelve ponds were stocked with a similar number and weight of each fish species. Two ponds were assigned to each of the treatments, and a 25% protein pelleted fish feed was used to feed fish at the specified rate of feeding. At the end of the experiment, growth, weight gain, survival, yield and body composition of fish groups were affected by the treatments. The economic effectiveness also varied among treatments. The most conspicuous attribute of the feeding rates was its lack of influence on growth (g day^?1), weight gain (g per fish), yield (kg ha^?1) or body composition of silver carp. The results of whole‐body proximate analysis indicated that various feeding rates had either an irregular pattern or no effects on the protein and ash gain per 100 g of fish body weight (bw) gain. The most notable exceptions were significant (P < 0.05) increases in body fat and gross energy gains in Nile tilapia, common carp and silver carp accompanied by decreases in percentages of moisture (but not in silver carp) as feeding rate increased. Among the six different feeding levels, feeding to apparent satiation (feed amount was equivalent to 2.67% of fish bw day^?1) appeared to be optimal, as it significantly (P < 0.05) supported the highest fish production, income and net profit compared with all other treatments except for the 3% feeding level, for which the differences in those measurements were comparable.