Growth and Ionic Content of Quinoa Under Saline Irrigation

Drought and salinity are the most important abiotic stresses that affect plant's growth and productivity. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the effect of salt and water deficit on water relations, growth parameters and capacity to accumulate inorganic solutes in quinoa plants. An irrigation experiment was carried out in 2009 and 2010 in the Volturno river plain. Three treatments irrigated with fresh water (Q100, Q50 and Q25) and three irrigated with saline water (Q100S, Q50S and Q25S) were tested. For saline irrigation, water with an electrical conductivity of 22 dS m^?1 was used. Actual evapotranspiration (ET_a), water productivity (WP), biomass allocation, relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), specific leaf area, leaf area ratio and ions accumulation of quinoa plants were evaluated. WP and plant growth were not influenced by saline irrigation, as quinoa plants incorporated salt ions in the tissues (stems, roots, leaves) preserving seed quality. Treatment with a reduction in the irrigation water to 25 % of full irrigated treatment (Q25) caused an increase in WP and a reduced dry matter accumulation in the leaves. Quinoa plants (Q25) were initially negatively affected by severe drought with RGR and NAR reduction, and then, they adapted to it. Quinoa could be considered a drought tolerant crop that adapt photosynthetic rate to compensate for a reduced growth.     

黄土高原地区蒙农4号新麦草的光合特征及其与环境因子间的关系

为研究蒙农4号新麦草(Psathyrostachys juncea‘Mengnong No.4’)在黄土高原地区的适应性,以美国引入新麦草为CK,用CI-340光合测定系统对其进行光合特性的测定,比较光合日变化,并分析其与环境因子的相关性。结果表明:2份材料的净光合速率(Pn)日变化均为双峰曲线,呈现出明显的"午休"现象,但蒙农4号新麦草的Pn最大值以及日均值均高于CK;2份材料的蒸腾速率日变化一样,为单峰曲线,最高峰出现在15:00左右。蒙农4号新麦草的气孔导度和叶片水分利用效率均高于CK,说明其适应性和生产力均大于CK。蒙农4号新麦草的光补偿点低而光饱和点较高,对光的适应性强,适合在黄土高原地区种植。     

Assessing net ecosystem carbon exchange of U.S. terrestrial ecosystems by integrating eddy covariance flux measurements and satellite observations

More accurate projections of future carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere and associated climate change depend on improved scientific understanding of the terrestrial carbon cycle. Despite the consensus that U.S. terrestrial ecosystems provide a carbon sink, the size, distribution, and interannual variability of this sink remain uncertain. Here we report a terrestrial carbon sink in the conterminous U.S. at 0.63 pg C yr⁻¹ with the majority of the sink in regions dominated by evergreen and deciduous forests and savannas. This estimate is based on our continuous estimates of net ecosystem carbon exchange (NEE) with high spatial (1 km) and temporal (8-day) resolutions derived from NEE measurements from eddy covariance flux towers and wall-to-wall satellite observations from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). We find that the U.S. terrestrial ecosystems could offset a maximum of 40% of the fossil-fuel carbon emissions. Our results show that the U.S. terrestrial carbon sink varied between 0.51 and 0.70  pg C yr⁻¹ over the period 2001-2006. The dominant sources of interannual variation of the carbon sink included extreme climate events and disturbances. Droughts in 2002 and 2006 reduced the U.S. carbon sink by ∼20% relative to a normal year. Disturbances including wildfires and hurricanes reduced carbon uptake or resulted in carbon release at regional scales. Our results provide an alternative, independent, and novel constraint to the U.S. terrestrial carbon sink.     

Phenological development of East African highland banana involves trade-offs between physiological age and chronological age

The phenology of East African highland banana (Musa acuminata AAA-EA, hereafter referred to as ‘highland banana’) is poorly understood. We tested three hypotheses: (1) the physiological age at flowering is independent of site effects, (2) there is no difference in threshold size at flowering between sites with different growth potential, and (3) morphological and physiological components of highland banana relative growth rate (RGR) contribute equally to mitigate growth reduction in response to limiting supply of water, K or N. The physiological age of highland banana plants from field trials at Kawanda (central Uganda) and Ntungamo (south-western Uganda) was computed from daily temperature records. Growth analysis was conducted using RGR, net assimilation rate (NAR), specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf mass ratio (LMR) estimated from allometry. Growth response coefficients were used for quantifying the relative contribution of NAR, SLA and LMR to RGR. Physiological age at flowering was delayed by 739 °C d at Kawanda compared with that at Ntungamo whose chronological age at flowering was in turn 51 d older. At both sites a threshold total dry mass of 1.5 kg per plant was required for flowering. Faster absolute growth rate and NAR fostered by wet conditions, K input and cooler temperatures enabled plants at Ntungamo to attain the threshold total dry mass sooner than those at Kawanda, hence the phenotypic plasticity in age at flowering. Net assimilation rate contributed at least 90% to RGR increase due to wet conditions at both sites. The contribution of NAR to RGR increase in response to K at Kawanda reduced to 38% while that for SLA increased to 49%. Net assimilation rate contributes more to highland banana RGR modulation than SLA except when warmer conditions reduce NAR. Differences in crop growth rate cause phenotypic plasticity in highland banana rate of phenological development.     

内蒙古灌溉马铃薯施肥现状及肥料利用效率

内蒙古马铃薯的生产面积及总产量均居全国前列，但单产低于全国平均水平，养分管理不合理是限制马铃薯产量的 重要因素。2013～2016 年在内蒙古9 个马铃薯主产旗（县）对灌溉马铃薯养分投入情况进行调查。结果表明：内蒙古灌溉 马铃薯生产中，氮肥投入过高，磷、钾肥投入过量与不足并存；58% 的农户氮肥偏生产力低于100 kg · kg^-1，具有较大的提 升空间。农户种植规模、产量、氮肥施用量与氮肥偏生产力存在显著相关关系。     

农业气象条件对温州蜜柑果实膨大的影响

根据怀化2010~2015年连续6 a无灌溉条件下温州蜜柑的气象、作物平行观测资料,分析了温州蜜柑果实逐旬膨大量与日照、气温、湿润指数的相关关系,率先改进和建立了蜜柑膨大旬气候生产潜力模型,分析了果实异常膨大的气象原因。结果发现:温州蜜柑多年逐旬平均膨大量呈抛物线变化趋势,和日照、气温、湿润指数为显著的类抛物线多项式关系,和气候潜力呈显著的指数关系。影响果实异常膨大的主要气象因素是干旱、暴雨等异常供水情况,其次为寡照及高温天气。     

顾及生态系统连通性的永久基本农田划定

在生态文明背景下，探索兼顾耕地资源保护与生态系统维护的永久基本农田划定方法对构建国土空间开发新格局具有重要意义。该研究通过最小累积阻力（minimum cumulative resistance，MCR）模型与电路理论等在识别生态源地、生态廊道和“踏脚石”基础上，将土地评价与立地条件分析（land evaluation and site assessment，LESA）方法及未来土地利用模拟（future land use simulation model，FLUS）模型相结合构建了一套顾及生态系统连通性的永久基本农田划定方法，以期为十堰市永久基本农田划定提供一定理论参考。结果表明：1）十堰市生态源地共计26个，主要以林地与水域为主，分布在南部和中部山地丘陵区；生态廊道共计66条，集中分布在竹溪县、竹山县、房县等境内；“踏脚石”共计121个。2）基于LESA方法划定的永久基本农田虽然满足了目标需求量，但与重要生态系统连通性用地存在严重冲突，与生态源地、生态廊道、“踏脚石”冲突面积分别为1772.64、4274.19、391.86 hm²。3）顾及生态系统连通性的永久基本农田划定方法，有效避开了划定的永久基本农田对生态源地、生态廊道与“踏脚石”等侵占，而且满足了未来城市用地增长需求，同时划定的永久基本农田质量高，集中连片性强，农田形状也较规则，便于机械化耕作，对保障中国粮食安全，推进农业供给侧结构性改革，实现乡村振兴具有重要作用。     

黄土高原不同载畜率对本氏针茅草原植物补偿性生长的影响

本试验于2010年在本氏针茅温性草原进行不同载畜率植物净生长量的比较研究,主要探讨黄土高原丘陵沟壑区本氏针茅草原不同载畜率对植物补偿性生长的影响。研究结果表明：CK、A、B、C、D区群落地上生物量显著高于E、F区（P〈0.05）,表现为欠补偿性生长;主要植物种群的净生长量在不同放牧处理间存在差异,从而表现不同的补偿性生长趋势。     

Annual crop rotation of tropical pastures with no-till soil as affected by lime surface application

Soil acidity and low natural fertility are the main limiting factors for grain production in tropical regions such as the Brazilian Cerrado. The application of lime to the surface of no-till soil can improve plant nutrition, dry matter production, crop yields and revenue. The present study, conducted at the Lageado Experimental Farm in Botucatu, State of São Paulo, Brazil, is part of an ongoing research project initiated in 2002 to evaluate the long-term effects of the surface application of lime on the soil’s chemical attributes, nutrition and kernel/grain yield of peanut (Arachis hypogaea), white oat (Avena sativa L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) intercropped with palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu), as well as the forage dry matter yield of palisade grass in winter/spring, its crude protein concentration, estimated meat production, and revenue in a tropical region with a dry winter during four growing seasons. The experiment was designed in randomized blocks with four replications. The treatments consisted of four rates of lime application (0, 1000, 2000 and 4000 kg ha⁻¹), performed in November 2004. The surface application of limestone to the studied tropical no-till soil was efficient in reducing soil acidity from the surface down to a depth of 0.60 m and resulted in greater availability of P and K at the soil surface. Ca and Mg availability in the soil also increased with the lime application rate, up to a depth of 0.60 m. Nutrient absorption was enhanced with liming, especially regarding the nutrient uptake of K, Ca and Mg by plants. Significant increases in the yield components and kernel/grain yields of peanut, white oat and maize were obtained through the surface application of limestone. The lime rates estimated to achieve the maximum grain yield, especially in white oat and maize, were very close to the rates necessary to increase the base saturation of a soil sample collected at a depth of 0–0.20 m to 70%, indicating that the surface liming of 2000 kg ha⁻¹ is effective for the studied tropical no-till soil. This lime rate also increases the forage dry matter yield, crude protein concentration and estimated meat production during winter/spring in the maize-palisade grass intercropping, provides the highest total and mean net profit during the four growing seasons, and can improve the long-term sustainability of tropical agriculture in the Brazilian Cerrado.     

基于两种基本结构的力法方程及叠加公式

在传统的力法中，无论是力法基本方程的建立，还是系数和自由项的求解，都要求在同一基本结构上进行。本文中采用的方法是选取两个不同的基本结构，对其力法方程和叠加公式进行了证明，通过实例验证了文中方法的正确性，为力法分析提供了新的求解途径。