Comparisons of energy balance and evapotranspiration between flooded and aerobic rice fields in the Philippines

The seasonal and annual variability of sensible heat flux (H), latent heat flux (LE), evapotranspiration (ET), crop coefficient (K_c) and crop water productivity (WP_ET) were investigated under two different rice environments, flooded and aerobic soil conditions, using the eddy covariance (EC) technique during 2008-2009 cropping periods. Since we had only one EC system for monitoring two rice environments, we had to move the system from one location to the other every week. In total, we had to gap-fill an average of 50-60% of the missing weekly data as well as those values rejected by the quality control tests in each rice field in all four cropping seasons. Although the EC method provides a direct measurement of LE, which is the energy used for ET, we needed to correct the values of H and LE to close the energy balance using the Bowen ratio closure method before we used LE to estimate ET. On average, the energy balance closure before correction was 0.72 ± 0.06 and it increased to 0.99 ± 0.01 after correction. The G in both flooded and aerobic fields was very low. Likewise, the energy involved in miscellaneous processes such as photosynthesis, respiration and heat storage in the rice canopy was not taken into consideration.Average for four cropping seasons, flooded rice fields had 19% more LE than aerobic fields whereas aerobic rice fields had 45% more H than flooded fields. This resulted in a lower Bowen ratio in flooded fields (0.14 ± 0.03) than in aerobic fields (0.24 ± 0.01). For our study sites, evapotranspiration was primarily controlled by net radiation. The aerobic rice fields had lower growing season ET rates (3.81 ± 0.21 mm d⁻¹) than the flooded rice fields (4.29 ± 0.23 mm d⁻¹), most probably due to the absence of ponded water and lower leaf area index of aerobic rice. Likewise, the crop coefficient, K_c, of aerobic rice was significantly lower than that of flooded rice. For aerobic rice, K_c values were 0.95 ± 0.01 for the vegetative stage, 1.00 ± 0.01 for the reproductive stage, 0.97 ± 0.04 for the ripening stage and 0.88 ± 0.03 for the fallow period, whereas, for flooded rice, K_c values were 1.04 ± 0.04 for the vegetative stage, 1.11 ± 0.05 for the reproductive stage, 1.04 ± 0.05 for the ripening stage and 0.93 ± 0.06 for the fallow period. The average annual ET was 1301 mm for aerobic rice and 1440 mm for flooded rice. This corresponds to about 11% lower total evapotranspiration in aerobic fields than in flooded fields. However, the crop water productivity (WP_ET) of aerobic rice (0.42 ± 0.03 g grain kg⁻¹ water) was significantly lower than that of flooded rice (1.26 ± 0.26 g grain kg⁻¹ water) because the grain yields of aerobic rice were very low since they were subjected to water stress.The results of this investigation showed significant differences in energy balance and evapotranspiration between flooded and aerobic rice ecosystems. Aerobic rice is one of the promising water-saving technologies being developed to lower the water requirements of the rice crop to address the issues of water scarcity. This information should be taken into consideration in evaluating alternative water-saving technologies for environmentally sustainable rice production systems.     

Concurrent measurements of net mineralization, nitrification, denitrification and leaching from field incubated soil cores

An improved method is described for incubating intact soil cores in the field, which permits concurrent measurement of net mineralization, nitrification, denitrification and leaching. Cores were enclosed in PVC tubes with minimal disturbance to the physical state or to the natural cycles of wetting/drying, soil temperature and aeration during an incubation lasting 4–5 days. An example of the application of the method is given in which soils with contrasting drainage characteristics were compared. Over a 64-day experimental period, 58% of the mineralized nitrogen (N) in a freely drained soil was nitrified and 36% of the nitrate-N (NO₃ ^–-N) was denitrified. In a poorly drained soil, 72% of the mineralized N was nitrified and 63% of the NO₃ ^–-N was denitrified. In both soil types, 18% of the remaining NO₃ ^–-N was leached. Rates of nitrification were significantly correlated with net mineralization (r ²=0.41 and 0.52) and also closely correlated with denitrification (r ²=0.67 and 0.68) in the freely and poorly drained soils, respectively. Independent measurements of these processes, using alternative techniques (for the same period), compared favourably with measurements obtained with the improved incubation method. Adoption of this method has a number of advantages with respect to field net N mineralization, and also allows interpretation of the impact this may have on other N transformation processes. Received: 18 June 1997     

半干旱黄土区沙棘的水分生理生态与形态解剖学特性研究

1986～1997年在半干旱黄土区的陕西吴旗、安塞县和宁夏固原县,对沙棘进行了蒸腾、净初级生产量、土壤水分等生理生态和形态解剖学特性研究。试验结果表明:沙棘每生产lg地上干物质,总耗水量为711～829g,其中蒸腾耗水量为551～654g,该地区荒山植被生产lg地上干物质蒸腾耗水量为343～709g,总耗水量却达2540～4501g。水分利用效率为1.21～1.53g/（m²·mm）,是荒山植被的3.1～6.4倍。沙棘水分利用效率较高,水分生产潜力较大。观察沙棘叶、根具有耐大气干旱、耐高温和水湿的形态解剖学特性,说明沙棘有较强的生态适应性。因而在半干旱黄土区的荒山、荒沟,营造沙棘林,能有效利用水土资源,这是快速治理荒山,提高土地生产力的有效途径之一。     

北流市发展“双高一优”农业经验浅析

广西北流市从１９９０年起,调整和优化农业产业结构,仅用几年时间,就使全市的大农业初步形成“三区、八带、九大基地”与种养加、农工商、农科教、内外贸相结合的多产业配套综合经营发展的“双高一优”农业新格局。从１９９０年到１９９３年全市农村经济总收入由８．３亿元增长到３６．２６亿元,增长了３．４倍。农村经济第一产业与第二、第三产业的比重由７３．２：２６．８调整为５５．２：４４．８;农产品商品率由４９．７％提高到６０．５％。１９９３年粮食年平均公顷产量达到１５１５４．５ｋｇ,成为广西第一个“吨粮县（市）”,人均有粮达到４２０多公斤;农民人均纯收入１２１０．９２元。１９９２年、１９９３年均被评为农村经济实力十强县（市）。     

土壤容许流失量研究的进展与趋势

概述了国内外土壤容许流失量（Ｔ值）研究的历史、目前研究的现状和未来的发展趋势,对Ｔ值研究的主要内容如成土速度、土壤养分流失、泥沙淤积损失、土壤流失与土地生产力的关系、保护沟道侵蚀的重要性等做了讲述。介绍了Ｔ值的数学表达和不同国家的Ｔ值标准,阐述了进行Ｔ值双值性研究的必要性,并对Ｔ值研究中存在的问题进行了分析。     

水肥耦合条件下作物产量、水分利用和根系吸氮的试验研究

根据1998～2000年两年在北京市水科所永乐店节水灌溉中心开展的冬小麦、夏玉米水肥耦合的田间试验成果的分析研究表明，氮肥效益的发挥与农田水分状况密切相关，低供水水平时(本研究中为冬小麦仅灌拔节水的节水灌溉处理)，肥料的增产效益十分显著，但氮肥贡献率随施肥量的增加而呈递减的趋势。不同的分析方法都表明，在永乐店节水灌溉中心，冬小麦施尿素400 kg/hm²和200 kg/hm²两个施肥水平的试验处理所获得的水(肥)分生产率最高(在不同农田供水状况下)，由于两者的水分生产率差异不大，为提高施肥效率，建议在生产上考虑选择200 kg/hm²的施肥方案较合理。     

泥石流滩地土地生产潜力评价——以云南小江流域蒋家沟为例

小江流域泥石流滩地水源充足、热量丰富,气候生产潜力(47641kghm-2)较高。本文应用加权指数和法确定了不同类型泥石流滩地(荒滩地、改良滩地和非改良滩地)土壤有效系数f(s)分别为0.405、0.684和0.594;根据生产力阶乘公式计算其气候—土壤生产潜力分别为19295kghm-2、32586kghm-2和28299kghm-2。通过实地调查验证,本文对泥石流滩地生产潜力的估算与现实生产力水平基本吻合,证明本文提出的泥石流滩地土壤有效系数切实可行。     

紫色土退化旱地的肥力恢复与重建

常规耕作的水土流失造成紫色土坡耕地土层浅薄化、土壤养分贫瘠化、土壤干旱化及土壤结构劣化等土壤肥力退化问题。 1 984～ 1 996年长期田间试验结果表明 ,聚土免耕通过垄沟网状结构可保持水土 ,其多年平均径流与土壤侵蚀模数分别为 65 7.7m3hm- 2 和5 30 .0tkm- 2 ,而常规耕作的相应值分别为 1 75 4 .0m3hm- 2 和 31 2 2 .0tkm- 2 ,通过聚土与改土结合 ,聚土免耕活土层厚度平均增加 1 1 .8cm ,聚土免耕耕作技术还通过垄沟强化培肥降低土壤容重 ,增加土壤有机质及N、P、K含量 ,改善土壤理化性状 ,恢复土壤肥力。聚土免耕作物产量比平作高 1 5 %～ 30 %。 1 996～ 1 998年秸秆覆盖实验结果表明 ,秸秆覆盖增加土壤有机质和养分含量 ,改善并维持土壤结构。聚土免耕与秸秆覆盖结合有利于土壤养分活化、土壤结构形成与维护 ,是紫色土退化旱地肥力恢复与重建的关键技术。     

系统参数对油菜籽挤压机生产率影响的研究

设计了带有榨笼的挤压机用于油菜籽挤压膨化.通过二次旋转正交组合试验,研究了油菜籽含水率、套筒温度、主轴转速及模孔直径对挤压机生产率影响规律,建立了系统参数与生产率的数学模型.结果表明:大模孔、高温、高转速、高含水率可获得高生产率;相反,小模孔、低转速、低温、低含水率的参数组合导致生产率低.     

不同水肥处理条件下水稻生理指标及产量变化规律

根据湖北省团林灌溉试验站水稻水肥耦合试验资料,分析了不同水肥处理对水稻生长发育,水稻产量及其构成,水稻水分生产率等的影响规律。结果表明,在适当的施肥量和合理的追肥方式下,与传统的淹灌相比,节水灌溉有显著的节水增产效果,提高了水分生产率。通过分析的数据提出了一种高效利用水肥的稻田管理模式,并将该管理模式在江西鹰潭进行了示范。