Soil properties and the macrofauna community in abandoned irrigated rice fields of northeastern Argentina

This study compared soil physical, chemical, and biological characteristics between natural grassland and recently abandoned rice fields in order to identify those variables that might explain the observed increase of Camponotus punctulatus anthills in abandoned rice paddy fields from Northern Argentina. Mainly due to a reduction of macropores and mesopores, overall porosity decreased by around 6% and bulk density was about 7% greater, in the 0- to 10- and 10- to 20-cm layers of the abandoned rice fields. Carbon and nitrogen content from organic matter increased (29% and 41% respectively for the 0- to 20-cm horizon) during cultivation but decreased (38% and 24%) 2 years after the last rice harvest. Forty percent of natural grassland-organic matter and 30% of abandoned rice-organic matter mineralized in less than 2 years. There was a different community structure between the abandoned rice fields and the undisturbed natural grassland and only a 20.6% (i.e. only 19 species from a total of 92) overlap in species composition. The abundance of macrofauna was greater in abandoned rice fields (2,208 individuals m^–2) in comparison to natural grasslands (288 ind m^–2) due to higher densities of small earthworms and Camponotus punctulatus ants; however, the Shannon index showed lower values in comparison to natural grasslands. Earthworms and C. punctulatus in the abandoned rice fields showed a change in their ¹³C signature indicating a switch in diet from natural grassland organic matter (C4) to organic matter from rice (C3). Our results indicate that the effects of rice cultivation practices did not seem to produce any physical or trophic limitations to recolonization by the macrofauna. It seems that changes in overall soil conditions have favored a change in the construction behavior of C. punctulatus which, in combination with population increases, could explain the explosion in number of anthills.     

玉米丸粒化种子的薄层干燥试验及其干燥模型

玉米丸粒化种子刚制成后其含水率比较大，必须及时干燥。其干燥工艺的合理选择对提高干燥效率，减少能耗，保证质量非常重要。采用正交试验的方法，对玉米丸粒化种子进行了3因素3水平的干燥试验，得出其干燥曲线为指数曲线，并分析各试验因素对干燥特性的影响。同时对不同风温下的干燥曲线进行了模型比较，采用多元线性回归分析程序，经拟合得出适合于玉米丸粒化种子的数学模型为Page模型。玉米丸粒化种子干燥特性不同于非丸粒化种子，丸粒化种子有其特定的薄层干燥方程。该模型能较好地预测各干燥阶段的干燥速率及含湿量，确定合理的干燥工艺以便调控干燥环境，达到高效低耗的目的。     

虾片饲料双滚筒干燥生产工艺及初步配方筛选的研究

该研究首次尝试利用双滚筒干燥技术来生产虾片饲料，考察了不同工艺参数及配方对虾片饲料性能的影响。研究中以成膜率和悬浮性为评价指标，采用正交试验设计考察蒸汽压力、滚筒转速和浆液浓度三个工艺参数对产品的成膜率和悬浮率的影响，优选出最佳工艺参数。同时，对比研究了虾片饲料生产过程中901、面粉、褐藻胶、蛋清粉4种成膜剂的成膜性能，并最终确定其最适的添加量。结果表明最佳工艺参数为蒸汽压力0.4MPa、浆液浓度30%、滚筒转速1000r／min； 901是最佳成膜材料，其最适添加量为7%。     

C and N natural abundance of the soil microbial biomass

Stable isotope analysis is a powerful tool in the study of soil organic matter formation. It is often observed that more decomposed soil organic matter is ¹³C, and especially ¹⁵N-enriched relative to fresh litter and recent organic matter. We investigated whether this shift in isotope composition relates to the isotope composition of the microbial biomass, an important source for soil organic matter. We developed a new approach to determine the natural abundance C and N isotope composition of the microbial biomass across a broad range of soil types, vegetation, and climates. We found consistently that the soil microbial biomass was ¹⁵N-enriched relative to the total (3.2 ‰) and extractable N pools (3.7 ‰), and ¹³C-enriched relative to the extractable C pool (2.5 ‰). The microbial biomass was also ¹³C-enriched relative to total C for soils that exhibited a C3-plant signature (1.6 ‰), but ¹³C-depleted for soils with a C4 signature (−1.1 ‰). The latter was probably associated with an increase of annual C3 forbs in C4 grasslands after an extreme drought. These findings are in agreement with the proposed contribution of microbial products to the stabilized soil organic matter and may help explain the shift in isotope composition during soil organic matter formation.     

干切牛肉冷冻干燥中高速率升华条件的动态研究

该文研究了干切牛肉冷冻干燥中使升华干燥速率最大化所需要的操作条件.通过建立升华过程中冻结物料温度在Ti时冰晶以最大速率升华所允许的升华层厚度δis、升华时间tis及升华所需物料表面温度Tis的计算模型,计算了预冻终温-30、-29、-28、-26、-24、-22℃的冻结物料以最大速率升华所允许的物料厚度分别为18、15、12、8、6 mm时,升华过程中物料含水率、升华所需物料表面温度Tis;进而预测了干切牛肉冷冻干燥升华过程中制品含水率、物料中心温度随时间发生的动态变化及升华所需物料表面温度的动态值.设定干燥室压强为10 Pa,以物料表面温度预测值控制加热搁板温度开展验证实验,结果表明:物料厚度分别为15、12、8、6 mm的干切牛肉在升华干燥过程中预测含水率与实测含水率相对误差±10%,物料中心温度计算值与实测值的绝对误差±5℃,说明所建立的物料表面温度预测模型可用于6、8、12、15 mm 干切牛肉冷冻升华干燥中搁板加热温度的优化控制,比较不同厚度干切牛肉冷冻升华干燥实验的平均升华速率、脱除水分耗能,6mm厚物料在升华干燥中升华速率最大、能耗最低.     

广西十万大山自然保护区外来植物的初步研究

十万大山地处北热带山地,有着丰富的生物多样性,但定居的外来种在不断增多,有的外来种成了入侵种,如飞机草等,给该自然保护区带来了严重威胁。通过实地调查以及查证文献,全面整理了十万大山国家级自然保护区的外来植物,并分析了外来种的类型、原产地、引种原因及引入途径,确认：①迄今为止共计99种（含亚种）外来植物,隶属于38科83属,其中菊科最多（10种）,占10．1％,其次为禾本科（6种）,占6．1％;②栽培种56种,逸生种20种,入侵种23种,分别占56．6％、20．2％和23．2％;③外来植物的原产地主要是热带美洲（有54种,占54．5％）,其次是印度（10种）、非洲（9种）和地中海地区（7种）;④人为有意引入有87种,占87．9％。最后对保护区内外来植物的危害预测和防治策略做了分析。     

辣椒热风干燥特性的研究(简报)

为了为辣椒热风干燥及设备参数的调整提供理论依据,该文对辣椒进行热风干燥试验,研究其在不同热风温度、风速和装载厚度条件下的热风干燥特性.分析试验得出的不同条件下的干燥特性曲线,然后运用Marlab软件对散点图进行有效拟合,并将其转化成干燥速率曲线.结果表明:温度对辣椒干燥的影响最大,其次为风速和装载厚度;辣椒的干燥过程在初期的大多数时间内处于恒速干燥阶段,然后则处于缓慢降速干燥阶段.     

鹤峰县天保工程建设成效定量分析

天保工程建设是生态环境建设的重要措施,是人与自然和谐发展的重要基础。我们对鹤峰实施天保工程以后,森林资源变化情况、水土流失变化情况等重要生态环境因子进行了详细调查,并与天保工程实施前比较,结果表明:5年来,鹤峰县天保工程建设取得了阶段性成效,生态、经济、社会三大效益显著,折算总效益784 959.90万元。     

关于提高称重法木材含水率测算精度的探讨

该文以兴安落叶松为研究对象,探讨了试件锯解时因摩擦热造成的水分损失,试件在烘箱中烘干时间过长而产生的热分解,试件带热称重时重量传感器的温度效应等因素对采用称重法检测木材含水率的测量精度的影响;试验获得了相应的修正公式,对多片试件平均含水率的传统计算法进行了修正.研究表明:锯解时木材水分损失对称重法测量精度的影响程度随含水率升高而增大;过长时间在烘箱中的热分解,带热称重时重量传感器的温度效应等对称重法测量精度除极精确的研究外,可以忽略.     

室内自然景观对室内环境调节、净化的作用

主要针对公共场所(酒店餐饮空间)的室内温度、相对湿度、CO2体积分数、甲醛(HCHO)和总挥发性有机物(TVOC)质量浓度等5个室内空气质量的重要参数进行了检测和分析。结果表明,设有植物、水景等自然景观的室内,其5项空气指标均明显优于不设自然景观的室内空间。由此说明,自然景观对室内环境具有显著的调节、净化等生态作用。