天然气发动机燃烧过程非线性动力学特性

利用非线性动力学数据分析技术对增压中冷天然气发动机燃烧过程的动力学特性进行了研究,结果表明:混合气浓度从当量比=1.00降低到稀燃极限时由缸压时间序列重构的二维相空间中,系统运动轨线都是有限范围内的非周期运动,轨线具有复杂、扭曲、重叠的几何结构;无论发动机是在当量混合气还是稀燃极限条件下运行,嵌入维m大于某一值以后,吸引子的关联维D均能达到饱和值且为分数,随着混合气变稀,燃烧循环变动增加,D逐渐增加,当=1.00、0.77、0.70和0.63时D分别为1.27、1.33、1.58和1.87,最大Lyapunov指数(LLE)大于零,分别为0.008 6、0.011、0.013和0.015 7,因此天然气发动机燃烧系统是一个低维非线性混沌系统。     

樱桃番茄运输包装件振动冲击性能试验

针对目前樱桃番茄储运过程中主要包装形式以及造成破损的情况,选择典型运输包装件,进行了正弦扫频、堆码强度、堆码扫频振动传递性能、垂直冲击和跌落试验。通过对单件包装件的扫频振动试验,测出单件的固有频率为26.61Hz;通过堆码强度试验,测出了包装件的最大堆码层数为9层。通过9层堆码扫频振动传递性能试验确定了底层、中间层和顶层包装件的固有频率分别为36.61、10.76和6.44Hz,得到了各层包装件振动加速度、振动传递率随时间的变化曲线,并探讨了固有频率和振动传递率峰值与堆码高度之间的关系。在此基础上,通过垂直冲击试验,测出了产品的脆值为89.58;通过跌落试验,测出了包装件最大允许跌落高度为580mm。     

新疆小白杏的太阳能干燥试验研究

作为取之不尽且对环境无污染的能源,太阳能在农业干燥方面有着广泛的用途。为此,利用自主研制的整体式太阳能果蔬干燥装置,进行了太阳能干燥试验,研究了在不同处理方式、温度和风速条件下小白杏的干燥特性,得出不同条件下的干燥特性曲线。水洗处理可提高卫生指标,切分处理可提高干燥速度,提高干燥箱内热空气温度,可显著提高干燥速率,但温度不宜超过85℃;风速为5.5m/s时对干燥速率的影响不显著。最优条件:温度65℃、风速为11.5m/s下,用32h可将小白杏的含水率从79%降低至18%。该项先进的设备和技术还可用于其他果蔬干燥。     

银杏果热风干燥工艺参数响应面法优化

利用自制的热风干燥在线测试装置,对银杏果的热风干燥进行了试验研究,探讨了热风温度、热风速度及装载量对含水率、干燥速率的影响,通过响应面分析和逐步逼近法分析了热风温度、热风速度及装载量与干燥过程平均能耗、平均干燥速率、蛋白质保存率以及干燥后的感官品质之间的关系,建立了二次回归数学模型。并利用函数期望优化方法进行了多目标函数优化,确定了银杏果热风干燥的最佳工艺参数组合。结果表明,银杏果热风干燥过程中加速过程不明显,主要集中在恒速和降速的干燥阶段。其最佳工艺参数组合为:热风温度68℃、热风速度1.15 m/s、装载量15.58 kg/m2。此时平均能耗为11.86 kW.h/kg、平均干燥速率为9.77%/h、蛋白质保存率为90.30%、感官评分为8.57分。     

五味子热风干燥特性及数学模型

利用循环热风干燥装置对五味子热风干燥进行了研究,通过多种不同干燥条件的试验,获得五味子的干燥特性曲线。试验表明:在热风温度为60℃、热风风速为0.3m/s、铺料密度为15kg/m2时干燥效果较佳。通过对基于不同方程建立的3个干燥模型进行了比较,确立了基于Page方程的五味子热风干燥模型。该干燥模型可以为五味子热风干燥过程的设计和操作提供可靠的理论依据。     

基于 Polysun 5太阳能干燥系统的设计与仿真

利用太阳能对农副产品进行干燥,是太阳能热利用的方式之一。其与自然晾晒相比,能有效地提高干燥效率和干燥品质;与常规热风干燥相比,可以有效节省煤电的消耗,减少温室气体的排放量。为此,首先利用传热学相关理论对枸杞干燥过程进行理论计算;然后,根据得到的基础数据,利用Polysun 5辅助设计一种满足枸杞干燥需要的太阳能-燃气锅炉组合干燥系统;最后,对该系统进行仿真分析。仿真结果证明,与常规热风干燥系统相比,该太阳能组合干燥系统在1个干燥周期内,可减少二氧化碳排放28．22kg,节省能源费用180元,节电390kW· h,经济性较好。     

我国热风干燥技术的应用研究进展

阐述热风干燥技术的工作原理,介绍近年来我国热风干燥技术在农副产品（木材、食品、粮食、药材、种子）等加工领域的应用及研究现状,分析目前热风干燥技术存在的突出问题,并对其今后的应用发展趋势进行展望。     

热泵干燥南美白对虾品质特性与玻璃化转变关系研究

针对南美白对虾热泵干燥过程中常出现物理、化学反应导致虾肉品质下降,而其机理又尚未明确的问题,采用静态称量法研究了南美白对虾肉的解吸等温线,利用差示扫描量热仪测定了虾肉的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)。分别采用GAB模型与Gordon-Taylor方程拟合水分吸附与Tg数据。虾肉在热泵干燥温度35℃、风速1.5 m/s下进行干燥,每隔1.0 h取样,分析虾肉品质特性(色泽、收缩程度、硬度与韧性和虾青素质量比)。基于玻璃化转变理论,阐明虾肉热泵干燥品质变化机制。结果表明,虾肉热泵干燥过程中,基质处于橡胶态,体系流动性增加,导致干制品品质下降。     

Deficit irrigation based on drought tolerance and root signalling in potatoes and tomatoes

Agriculture is a big consumer of fresh water in competition with other sectors of the society. Within the EU-project SAFIR new water-saving irrigation strategies were developed based on pot, semi-field and field experiments with potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), fresh tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and processing tomatoes as model plants. From the pot and semi-field experiments an ABA production model was developed for potatoes to optimize the ABA signalling; this was obtained by modelling the optimal level of soil drying for ABA production before re-irrigation in a crop growth model. The field irrigation guidelines were developed under temperate (Denmark), Mediterranean (Greece, Italy) and continental (Serbia, China) climatic conditions during summer. The field investigations on processing tomatoes were undertaken only in the Po valley (North Italy) on fine, textured soil. The investigations from several studies showed that gradual soil drying imposed by deficit irrigation (DI) or partial root zone drying irrigation (PRD) induced hydraulic and chemical signals from the root system resulting in partial stomatal closure, an increase in photosynthetic water use efficiency, and a slight reduction in top vegetative growth. Further PRD increased N-mineralization significantly beyond that from DI, causing a stay-green effect late in the growing season. In field potato and tomato experiments the water-saving irrigation strategies DI and PRD were able to save about 20-30% of the water used in fully irrigated plants. PRD increased marketable yield in potatoes significantly by 15% due to improved tuber size distribution. PRD increased antioxidant content significantly by approximately 10% in both potatoes and fresh tomatoes. Under a high temperature regime, full irrigation (FI) should be undertaken, as was clear from field observations in tomatoes. For tomatoes full irrigation should be undertaken for cooling effects when the night/day average temperature >26.5 °C or when air temperature >40 °C to avoid flower-dropping. The temperature threshold for potatoes is not clear. From three-year field drip irrigation experiments we found that under the establishment phase, both potatoes and tomatoes should be fully irrigated; however, during the later phases deficit irrigation might be applied as outlined below without causing significant yield reduction:

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Potatoes

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After the end of tuber initiation, DI or PRD is applied at 70% of FI. During the last 14 days of the growth period, DI or PRD is applied at 50% of FI.

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Fresh tomatoes

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From the moment the 1st truce is developed, DI is applied at 85-80% of FI for two weeks. In the middle period, DI or PRD is applied at 70% of FI. During the last 14 days of the growth period, DI or PRD is applied at 50% of FI.

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Processing tomatoes

°

From transplanting to fruit setting at 4th-5th cluster, the PRD and DI threshold for re-irrigation is when the plant-available soil water content (ASWC) equals 0.7 (soil water potential, Ψ_soil = −90 kPa). During the late fruit development/ripening stage, 10% of red fruits, the threshold for re-irrigation for DI is when ASWC = 0.5 (Ψ_soil = −185 kPa) and for PRD when ASWC (dry side) = 0.4 (Ψ_{soil, dry side} = −270 kPa).

The findings during the SAFIR project might be used as a framework for implementing water-saving deficit irrigation under different local soil and climatic conditions.     

发酵糟渣旋流闪蒸干燥及其热物性参数的快速测定

介绍了利用旋流闪蒸干燥器干燥发酵糟渣时，气流与物料间放热系数及糟渣物料热传导率、热扩散系数的简便快速测定方法。