方斑东风螺肉壳分离病病因的初步研究

螺肉与螺壳分离病是方斑东风螺养殖中的常见病害,主要发生在壳高0．5cm以下的稚、幼螺阶段,严重时可造成螺苗在短时间内大量死亡。本文报道了方斑东风螺中间培育过程中由于养殖水体中混入以婆罗异剑水蚤（Apocyclops borneoensis）为主的桡足类对稚、幼螺的攻击,导致稚、幼螺受伤部位发生溃疡性病变,进而诱发稚、幼螺肉壳分离疾病发生的镜检检查结果。通过采取杀灭螺池中桡足类的措施后,病情很快得到控制,研究结果验证了桡足类对方斑东风螺稚、幼螺的危害性。     

Effects of dietary thiamin supplement on growth,body composition and intestinal enzyme activities of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)

A total of 1050 juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) (8.20 ± 0.02 g) were fed diets containing seven graded levels of thiamin (0.25, 0.48, 0.79, 1.06, 1.37, 1.63 and 2.65 mg kg^?1) for 60 days to investigate the effects of thiamin on growth, body composition and digestive enzyme activities. Percent weight gain (PWG), feed intake and feed efficiency (FE) were the lowest in fish fed the basal diet (P < 0.05). Protein productive value and lipid productive value increased with increasing dietary thiamin levels up to 1.06 and 0.79 mg kg^?1 diet, respectively (P < 0.05). Body protein and lipid increased with increasing dietary thiamin levels (P < 0.05), while moisture and ash of fish carcasses decreased with the increase in dietary thiamin supplementation (P < 0.05). Intestinal folds height had a similar trend to PWG (P < 0.05). Activities of α‐amylase, lipase, trypsin, Na⁺, K⁺‐ATPase, alkaline phosphatase and gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase in intestine were all affected by the dietary thiamin (P < 0.05). In conclusion, thiamin could improve growth and intestinal enzyme activities of juvenile Jian carp. The dietary thiamin requirement of juvenile Jian carp (8.0–60.2 g) based on PWG was 1.02 mg kg^?1 diet.     

盐度胁迫及昼夜变化对鲻鱼幼鱼消化酶活力的影响

研究了S0（盐度为0）、S10、S20、S33（对照）和S40 5个盐度梯度14d内盐度胁迫及其昼夜变化对鲻鱼（Mugil cephalus）幼鱼蛋白酶和淀粉酶比活力的影响。结果显示：1）盐度胁迫对鲻鱼幼鱼的消化酶活力有显著影响（P〈0．05）。不同盐度的蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力的变化规律都是在第0天～第7天升高,第7天～第14天降低,最终时（第14天）S0～S33蛋白酶活力呈上升趋势,S33～S40下降;S0～S20淀粉酶活力差异不显著（P〉0．05）,S20～S33呈上升,S33～S40下降,且差异显著（P〈0．05）;2）对鲻鱼幼鱼消化酶活性昼夜变化的测定表明,蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性的最高值分别在12：00和15：00,最低值均出现在6：00。因此,夜间设置定时投喂,可促进鱼类快速健康生长。     

短须裂腹鱼仔稚鱼发育及生长特性的初步研究

为了掌握长江上游特有鱼类短须裂腹鱼(Schizothorax wangchiachii)的基础生物学资料,遏制其自然资源迅速下降态势,维护长江鱼类的生物多样性,在水温10.0～20.4℃的条件下,对人工催产孵化的短须裂腹鱼仔稚鱼形态发育特征进行了连续观察,并逐日记录其生长情况,分析其生长特性。结果显示,刚出膜短须裂腹鱼仔鱼全长(9.83±0.88) mm,呈现透明淡黄色,卵黄囊较大,胸鳍较小,仔鱼多侧卧静栖水底,人为刺激下可以向前移动;23日龄仔鱼全长(15.18±0.52) mm,卵黄全部消失,鳔室呈长圆柱形,肠道内充满食物,进入稚鱼期;35日龄稚鱼全长(16.75±0.75)mm,出现二鳔室、腹鳍呈现月牙状,腹鳍褶皱宽大;65日龄稚鱼全长(23.64±0.82) mm,腹鳍褶皱几乎消失,除未见臀鳞外,各鳍均已出现,其生活习性已与成鱼相似。短须裂腹鱼仔稚鱼的生长呈现先急速增加、而后平缓、再快速增加、而后变慢的过程,特定生长率呈现先迅速增加然后指数型下降的趋势。运用Matlab对短须裂腹鱼体长(L_P)与日龄(t)的多项式关系函数(L_P=9.7296+0.55051t-0.0239t~2+5.1283×10~(-4)t~3-3.4419×10~(-6)t~4(R=0.9666,SD=0.6824,P0.001)进行分析,求得22.14日龄和52.35日龄是短须裂腹鱼仔稚鱼生长变化的关键日龄,与个体发育阶段的卵黄消失(23日龄)和52日龄左右(20 mm左右)稚鱼高死亡率接近。     

池塘养殖和野生长江水系中华绒螯蟹扣蟹形态学及生化组成的比较研究

采用形态学测量和生化分析等方法,比较了野生和池塘养殖条件下长江水系中华绒螯蟹扣蟹的形态学、肝胰腺指数(HSI)、常规生化组成和脂肪酸组成。结果发现:野生和池塘养殖扣蟹的形态学特征差异较大,雌雄个体均有4个贡献较大的主成分(PC1,PC2,PC3,PC4),其中PC1的贡献率均远高于其他主成分,两者PC1分别由16和19个主要影响变量构成;所测36个形态学指标中,两群体雄蟹和雌蟹分别有25和22个形态学指标差异显著,进一步筛选判别贡献率较大的4~5个指标分别建立判断方程,综合判别准确率达95%以上;野生扣蟹的HSI、组织中总脂、躯体肌肉的16:0、18:1n9和20:4n6含量均高于池塘养殖扣蟹,后者组织中水分含量、躯体肌肉中的18:0、20:5n3和22:6n3高于前者。研究表明,野生和池塘养殖扣蟹的形态学和生化组成均存在较大差异,可以根据两群体扣蟹的形态学差异和判别方程鉴别两种扣蟹蟹种。     

红螯螯虾的室内人工育苗

于1996-1998年,在浙北地区,对澳大利亚引进的红螯螯是进行亲虾培育、人工越冬,怀卵孵化,室内人工育苗技术的研究。研究表明,在浙北地区,2.8-4.9g的幼虾经5个月左右的饲养可以达到性成熟并部分怀卵,利用电厂余热水水泥池人工越冬的成活率可达70%以上。越冬后亲是在水温20℃以上即开始交配怀卵,怀卵盛期4-6月。红螯螯虾一年可产卵4次,但只有第一、二次怀卵可用于育苗生产,个体一次怀卵量较少,一般为400-500粒,但群体怀卵比率较高。试验还表明,红螯螯虾出膜幼体即呈幼虾状,需依附母体7-10d后才营独立生活并开口摄食外源性饵料,所研制的幼虾Ⅰ号饲料为红螯螯虾室内人工育苗较好的开口饲料。室内人工育苗成活率可达60%以上。     

叶酸对铅中毒幼年大鼠中枢神经系统的保护作用

通过研究铅对大鼠中枢神经元的损伤以及应用叶酸后的影响，探讨了叶酸对铅中毒条件下中枢神经元的保护作用。将健康清洁级初断乳3周龄SD大鼠随机分为铅染毒组，叶酸给药组及生理盐水组。各组于处理后第2、3、4周取材。铅染毒组、叶酸给药组每组各30只，生理盐水组12只，共72只。测量血铅，分别进行海马和小脑组织的H—E染色及凋亡抑制基因Bcl—2、凋亡基因Bax的蛋白免疫电泳，并作光密度分析。结果，通过对各个时间段各组血铅测定，可得叶酸给药组血铅含量低于铅染毒组。铅染毒组Bcl-2蛋白表达量少于给药组，而Bax多于给药组，H—E染色结果铅染毒组神经细胞数量明显少于叶酸给药组。结果表明，叶酸可降低铅中毒大鼠的血铅浓度，并具有一定抗细胞损伤作用，对铅中毒大鼠的中枢神经元具有一定的保护作用。     

浅议市级图书馆服务少年儿童读者

结合市级图书馆的实际和少年儿童读者的特点,就市级图书馆为少年儿童读者服务的问题进行阐述,指明了素质教育背景下市级图书馆儿童读者工作的重要性及发展方向。     

Detection efficiency and habitat use to inform inventory and monitoring efforts: juvenile coho salmon in the Knik River basin,Alaska

Imperfect detection associated with sampling gear presents challenges for wildlife inventory and monitoring efforts. We examined occupancy dynamics and habitat use of juvenile coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, in shallow lake environments over a summer and early fall season in the Knik River area of south central Alaska using models which control for and estimate sampling gear detection efficiency. In addition, we present statements for the probability that observed absences at a survey site or from a survey area (a collection of sites) are true absences given some amount of sampling effort and analysts' beliefs about site occupancy and sampling gear detection efficiency which can be used to guide inventory and monitoring efforts for juvenile salmon or other wildlife and plant species. Occupancy modelling results demonstrate that minnow traps were effective at sampling juvenile coho in shallow lake environments, with a mean probability of detection across the study period of 0.68 (i.e., probability of detecting the presence of juvenile coho given that they are present at a trap site; SE = 0.03). Juvenile coho salmon migrated into shallow water lakes in late summer and early fall, presumably to seek out overwinter habitat. N‐mixture modelling examination of habitat use demonstrated that once in shallow lake environments, juvenile coho were widely distributed across a range of microhabitats, with some evidence for preference for shallower depths and warmer water temperatures.     

Synthesis and biological activity of furanyl anti-juvenile hormonal compounds

Twenty-one synthetic compounds, containing one or more furan rings, were demonstrated to possess anti-juvenile hormone (AJH) activity as evidenced by their induction of premature metamorphosis in the milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas) by contact, topical application or fumigation. The ED₅₀ of the four most active analogs required to induce precocious metamorphosis from 3rd-instar nymphs by residue contact in a Petri dish compared favorably with that of precocene II (6,7-dimethoxy-2,2-dimethyl 2H-chromene) a naturally occurring phytochemical AJH. Precocious metamorphosis was fully reversible by co-treatment with juvenile hormone (JH III) or JH analogs, demonstrating that the observed AJH activity resulted from an induced deficiency of juvenile hormone.