人工育苗条件下舟山牙鲆仔稚鱼的摄食与生长

在人工育苗条件下,对0~36日龄舟山本地牙鲆仔稚幼鱼的摄食形为和生长特性进行了研究。水温19~22℃时,初孵仔鱼~15 d属于仔鱼期,16~35 d为稚鱼期,36 d起转为幼鱼期。牙鲆全长与日龄的关系式为Y=1.028 2 0.7011x-0.018 4x2 0.000 6x3,R2=0.992;肛前长与日龄的关系式为Y=0.179 7 0.371 7x-0.012 1x2 0.000 2x3,R2=0.960;体高与日龄的关系式为Y=0.615 6-0.069 6x 0.022 4x2 0.000 3x3,R2=0.988。舟山本地牙鲆孵化后3 d开始开口摄食,试验用生物饵料为轮虫、卤虫无节幼体、配合饵料。在仔鱼阶段其摄食率为25%~100%,饱食率为25%~80%;到稚幼鱼阶段摄食率均达到100%,饱食率90%。摄食高峰基本出现在白天,属白天摄食类型,稚鱼期会出现早晨与黄昏二个摄食高峰,稚鱼期晚上基本不摄食。舟山本地牙鲆饱食时间随生长发育增加而缩短,消化时间随生长发育而增长。研究结果表明,除培育水温较北方牙鲆培育水温高而使生长发育较快外,摄食特性没有太大的差异。     

Sub-Lethal Effects of Fenvalerate on the Development,Fecundity, and Juvenile Hormone Esterase Activity of Diamondback Moth,Plutella xylostella （L.）

The toxicities of fenvalerate （20% EC） to the 3rd instar larvae of diamondback moth （DBM）, Plutella xylostella （L.）, reared on three host plants viz., radish, oilseed rape, and cabbage were tested. The LC50 values of fenvalerate to the 3rd instar larvae of DBM varied with host plants, however, there wasn＇t any significant difference among them （P〉 0.05）. Similarly, DBM fed on three host plants had same pupal weight, pupal period, pupation rate, adult emergence rate, female ratio, and fecundity. The activity of juvenile hormone esterase （JHE, EC 3.1.1.1） in the 3rd instar larvae of DMB did not significantly vary with host plants, either. These suggested that DBM had similar fitness on the three host plant species. When fed on the host plants pretreated with fenvalerate at the concentrations equivalent to LC20, LC50 and LC50, the pupation rate, pupal weight, adult emergence rate, female ratio, fecundity, and JHE activity of the tested insects were declined as compared with insects in control treatments fed on the same host plant species. Furthermore, the pupal period of the tested insects was extended after fenvalerate treatment. The decrease in JHE activity after fenvalerate treatment in the tested insects could partly explain the changes in the mentioned growth parameters. Whether the role of fenvalerate in the inhibition of JHE activity could serve as a new way to control DBM needs further investigation.     

斜带髭鲷早期发育的形态观察

对笛鲷属(Lutjanus)的紫红笛鲷(Lutjanusargentimaculatus)、白星笛鲷(Lutjanusstellatus)、千年笛鲷(Lutjanussebae)、勒氏笛鲷(Lutjanusrussellii)、红鳍笛鲷(Lutjanuserythropterus)线粒体DNA16SrRNA基因片段进行了PCR扩增和测序,得到长度约418bp的序列。结合GenBank中斜带笛鲷(Lutjanusdecussatus)该区段的16SrRNA序列,用Clustal＿X排序软件进行16SrRNA序列的对位排列。通过Mega2.1软件对所得线粒体16SrRNA片段序列进行比较,共检测53个碱基存在变异,其中包括21个简约信息位点,并用"Pairwisedistance"计算了各属间的相对遗传距离,结果表明,其序列差异(转换 颠换)在0.027～0.083,其中勒氏笛鲷与斜带笛鲷的序列差异最小,红鳍笛鲷与勒氏笛鲷的序列差异最大。以高体四长棘鲷(Argyropsspinifer)为外类群,采用Mega2.1软件中的"Neighbore-Joining"法得到唯一1个分子系统树,系统树各分支的置信度由"Bootstrap"1000循环检验。结果表明,6种笛鲷鱼类聚成明显的3个分支,第1个分支,包括勒氏笛鲷、斜带笛鲷和白星笛鲷;第2个分支,包括紫红笛鲷;第3个分支,包括红鳍笛鲷和千年笛鲷。     

Effect of starvation on survival and biochemical profile of newborn juvenile lined seahorses,Hippocampus erectus (Perry, 1810)

This study assessed the effect of starvation on survival and nutritional status of newborn juveniles H. erectus (<10 days) to optimize rearing protocols, thereby helping to reduce wildlife exploitation. Maximum starvation time (MST) was estimated through the survival of juveniles continuously starved from birth. Resistance to starvation and the effect of food re‐introduction after 1, 2, 4 and 6 days of starvation on survival and metabolite concentrations (total proteins, total lipids, acylglycerides, cholesterol, glucose) were also determined. Survival amongst continuously starved animals decreased from 6.6 ± 0.5 to 0% from days 9 to 10 of starvation. Seahorses under different starvation–refeeding treatments all had 100% survival up to day 5 of experiments. After 10 days, however, a 4‐day starvation period followed by refeeding showed negative effects with <50% survival. During continuous starvation, lipids were the first energy reserve used to maintain basal metabolism, followed by proteins. Except for cholesterol, all metabolite concentrations differed between continuous starvations and feeding. Despite high seahorse survival after 5 days in the absence of food, the recovery of the metabolic status is possible after a starvation period of no more than 2 days, since irreversible physiological changes compromising the ultimate survival of the organisms take place after this time.     

拟穴青蟹幼蟹耗氧率和窒息点的研究

在盐度20、温度28.0±0.2℃条件下,采用密封流水方法进行了拟穴青蟹幼蟹耗氧率和窒息点的研究。结果表明:拟穴青蟹Ⅴ期幼蟹的平均耗氧率高于Ⅵ期幼蟹,Ⅴ期幼蟹的窒息点也高于Ⅵ期幼蟹。其中,当蟹苗体质量为1.00±0.22 g时,耗氧率为0.437 2±0.083 mg/(g.h),耗氧量0.423 7±0.080 mg/(ind.h),窒息点为0.716 0±0.017 mg/L;当蟹苗体质量为1.81±0.30 g时,耗氧率为0.381 6±0.081 mg/(g.h),耗氧量0.671 7±0.140 mg/(ind.h),窒息点为0.698 7±0.011 mg/L。实验发现,拟穴青蟹幼蟹的耗氧率和耗氧量具有比较明显的昼夜变化规律,其峰值出现在20∶00及02∶00左右,谷值出现在08∶00及16∶00。研究结果可为拟穴青蟹养殖生产中制定合理的苗种放养密度和养殖工艺提供参考依据。     

盐度对中华绒螯蟹仔蟹标准代谢的影响

对均重(0.12±0.01)g的中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)仔蟹在6个盐度(0、4、8、12、16、20)梯度下的标准代谢进行研究。各梯度的水温为(24±0.5)℃、溶解氧为(8.12±0.23)g/m L、p H为7.5±0.18。在不同时间段测量各盐度梯度代谢瓶内溶氧量、CO_2含量及NH_3-N含量,将时间与耗氧率、CO_2排出率及NH_3-N排泄率进行回归分析。研究结果表明,根据仔蟹行为及代谢瓶内氧气含量与时间(h)的回归分析将仔蟹行为可分3个阶段:自由运动阶段[DO2.33 mg/L]、生存阶段[0.33 mg/LDO2.33 mg/L]及窒息阶段[DO0.33 mg/L]。在自由运动阶段和生存阶段,盐度对仔蟹耗氧率、CO_2排出率及NH_3-N排泄率影响显著(P0.05);在窒息阶段,盐度对仔蟹的耗氧率、CO_2排出率及NH_3-N排泄率影响不显著(P0.05)。研究结果还表明中华绒螯蟹仔蟹在高溶氧环境的主要供能物质为脂肪;低溶氧环境的主要供能物质为脂肪和碳水化合物;蛋白质在能量供给中的比例随溶氧增加而逐渐增加。     

斜带石斑鱼胚胎及仔稚幼鱼形态发育

对斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)的胚胎及仔稚幼鱼形态发育进行了观察与研究,详细描述从受精卵到初孵仔鱼的28个具体发育时期的形态特征和发育时间。根据研究观察结果,将斜带石斑鱼胚胎发育划分为卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期和器官形成期。在水温(25±0.5)℃、盐度31.0p、H 7.8的海水中,斜带石斑鱼胚胎历时28 h 30 min完成整个胚胎发育孵化出膜。胚后发育主要根据卵黄囊、腹鳍棘及第二背鳍棘、鳞片、体色的变化分为仔鱼期、稚鱼期、幼鱼期。仔鱼期根据卵黄囊的有无又分为早期仔鱼和晚期仔鱼。在水温24.5~29.2℃,盐度28.8~33.5,pH 7.5~8.5的海水中,培育至36 d,发育最快的斜带石斑鱼结束仔鱼期进入稚鱼期;培育至42 d,发育最快的稚鱼完成变态,成为幼鱼。斜带石斑鱼胚后发育过程中最明显的变化是腹鳍棘与第二背鳍棘以及鳍棘上小刺的长出与收回。     

鼠尾藻有性繁殖和幼孢子体发育的形态学观察

野外跟踪观测烟台芦洋湾地区鼠尾藻的成熟繁殖状况,采集临近成熟的鼠尾藻至实验室培养,跟踪观测其卵子的排放、卵子和受精卵的发育、假根的生长以及幼孢子体的前期发育。试验结果表明,本地区鼠尾藻繁殖期集中在6—8月,鼠尾藻的卵子发育属8核1卵型,卵子受精后约20 h开始脱离生殖托,受精卵先连续进行2次的横分裂,而后再由一端的1个细胞发育成假根,另外2个发育成体细胞。幼孢子体在约2 mm时开始形成分枝突起。     

素质教育与少儿图书馆建设

论述了素质教育的重要性,以及少儿图书馆如何配合素质教育从软件和硬件两方面着手,搞好自身建设。     

发酵豆粕替代鱼粉对大黄鱼幼鱼生长性能、体成分、血清生化指标及肝脏组织形态的影响

本试验旨在研究发酵豆粕替代鱼粉对大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)幼鱼生长性能、体成分、血清生化指标及肝脏组织形态的影响,探索发酵豆粕替代大黄鱼幼鱼饲料中鱼粉的适宜比例。以鱼粉、小麦蛋白粉为主要蛋白质源,鱼油、大豆油和大豆卵磷脂为主要脂肪源,配制含40%鱼粉的基础饲料。以发酵豆粕替代基础饲料中0(R0组,作为对照组)、15%(R15组)、30%(R30组)、45%(R45组)、60%(R60组)、75%(R75组)的鱼粉,并在除对照组饲料外的各饲料中添加适量晶体氨基酸(赖氨酸和蛋氨酸),配制6种等氮(蛋白质水平为45%)等脂(脂肪水平为10%)的试验饲料。养殖试验在海水网箱(1.5 m×1.5 m×2.0 m)中进行,每种试验饲料投喂3个网箱,每个网箱放养60尾初始体重为(10.49±0.03)g大黄鱼幼鱼,养殖时间持续56 d。结果表明:各组大黄鱼幼鱼的存活率无显著差异(P0.05),但随着发酵豆粕替代鱼粉比例的升高有下降趋势;与R0组相比,R15、R30、R45组的特定生长率(SGR)、增重率(WGR)、饲料系数(FCR)无显著变化(P0.05),进一步提高鱼粉替代比例(R60、R75组),SGR、WGR显著降低(P0.05),FCR显著升高(P0.05);各组全鱼粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、水分含量无显著差异(P0.05),随着发酵豆粕替代鱼粉比例的升高,全鱼粗灰分含量有上升的趋势;各组血清生化指标没有显著差异(P0.05),但随着发酵豆粕替代鱼粉比例的升高,血清中总胆固醇含量有下降趋势,谷丙转氨酶活力有升高趋势;通过肝脏组织学观察发现,发酵豆粕替代鱼粉比例超过30%后会造成肝脏细胞的损伤,替代比例越高损伤越严重。综合各项测定指标,本研究认为:发酵豆粕替代饲料(含40%鱼粉)中30%的鱼粉较为适宜,过高的替代比例会造成大黄鱼幼鱼肝脏组织病变,导致生长速度、存活率下降。