Characterization and mode of inheritance of a paroxysmal dyskinesia in Chinook dogs

Background: Paroxysmal dyskinesias are episodes of abnormal, involuntary movement or muscle tone, distinguished from seizures by the character of the episode and lack of seizure activity on ictal EEG. Hypothesis: Paroxysmal dyskinesia is an inherited, autosomal recessive disorder in Chinook dogs. Animals: Families of Chinook dogs with paroxysmal dyskinesia. Methods: Pedigrees and medical histories were reviewed for 299 Chinook dogs. A family of 51 dogs was used for analysis. Episodes were classified as seizures, paroxysmal dyskinesia, or unknown, and segregation analysis was performed. Results: Paroxysmal dyskinesia was identified in 16 of 51 dogs and characterized by an inability to stand or ambulate, head tremors, and involuntary flexion of 1 or multiple limbs, without autonomic signs or loss of consciousness. Episode duration varied from minutes to an hour. Inter‐ictal EEGs recorded on 2 dogs with dyskinesia were normal. Three dogs with dyskinesia also had generalized tonic‐clonic seizures. One of 51 dogs had episodes of undetermined type. Phenotype was unknown for 6 of 51 dogs, and 28 dogs were unaffected. Segregation was consistent with an autosomal recessive trait. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: This movement disorder is prevalent in the Chinook breed, and consistent with a partially penetrant autosomal recessive or polygenic trait. Insufficient evidence exists for definitive localization; episodes may be of basal nuclear origin, but atypical seizures and muscle membrane disorders remain possible etiologies. The generalized seizures may be a variant phenotype of the same mutation that results in dyskinesia, or the 2 syndromes may be independent.     

原鸡与家鸡杂交F_1代肉质特性分析

以原鸡滇南亚种(父本)与原鸡(母本)、茶花鸡(母本)、绿耳乌骨鸡(母本)、楚雄麻鸡(母本)不同组合F1代为研究素材,分析比较了其常规肉质性状和基本营养成分。结果表明:宰后45 min,原鸡杂交F1代胸、腿肌pH值显著低于纯种原鸡(P<0.05),宰后24 h pH值与宰后45 min相比呈下降趋势,纯种原鸡下降最为明显;胸、腿肌系水力、滴水损失率、蒸煮损失率、肌纤维直径(密度)等指标在不同组合间多数存在显著差异(P<0.05)。就营养成分而言,胸、腿肌水分含量及胸肌粗蛋白含量在各组合间差异均不显著(P>0.05),原鸡(父本)与茶花鸡(母本)杂交F1代、纯种原鸡腿肌粗蛋白含量显著高于其余两组(P<0.05);胸肌及腿肌的粗脂肪、粗灰分含量在不同组合间存在差异,且多数达到显著水平(P<0.05)。总体而言,原鸡(父本)与茶花鸡(母本)肉质特性杂种优势较大,原鸡(父本)与楚雄麻鸡(母本)杂种优势较小。     

Cholecalciferol-induced bait shyness in possums (Trichosurus vulpecula)

Cholecalciferol (vitamin D₃) is used in a variety of bait formulations to control populations of the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), an introduced pest that seriously damages and threatens primary production and native biota in New Zealand. In cage trials, possums readily ate sublethal baits containing either an estimated LD₁₅ or LD₄₀ dose of cholecalciferol, leading to a depression of appetite that lasted for 7-15 days. When lethal quantities of baits were presented 21-30 days after the initial LD₁₅ or LD₄₀ baits, 40 and 88% of possums survived, respectively, compared with a 21% survival rate among naive possums, and bait consumption was also reduced among survivors of the initial baits. Subsequent switching of the bait base to a gel was partially successful in overcoming bait shyness, killing 40% of one group (formed by pooling the original groups), while switching both the bait type (to gel) and the toxicant (to 1080) resulted in a 63% mortality rate in a second group. By comparison, 95 and 100% of naive groups were killed by cholecalciferol and 1080 gel respectively. Practical measures are identified for both avoiding and overcoming bait shyness based on the use of alternative bait types and toxicants.     

A selectively suppressing amino acid transporter: Sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2 inhibits cell growth and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 pathway in skeletal muscle cells

Sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2 (SNAT2), also known as solute carrier family 38 member 2 (SLC38A2), is expressed in the skeletal muscle. Our research previously indicated that SNAT2 mRNA expression level in the skeletal muscle was modulated by genotype and dietary protein. The aim of this study was to investigate the key role of the amino acid transporter SNAT2 in muscle cell growth, differentiation, and related signaling pathways via SNAT2 suppression using the inhibitor α-methylaminoisobutyric acid (MeAIB). The results showed that SNAT2 suppression down-regulated both the mRNA and protein expression levels of SNAT2 in C2C12 cells, inhibited cell viability and differentiation of the cell, and regulated the cell distribution in G0/G1 and S phases (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, most of the intercellular amino acid content of the cells after MeAIB co-culturing was significantly lower (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the mRNA expression levels of system L amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1), silent information regulator 1, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma co-activator 1 alpha, as well as the protein expression levels of amino acid transporters LAT1 and vacuolar protein sorting 34, were all down-regulated. The phosphorylated protein expression levels of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), regulatory-associated protein of mTOR, 4E binding protein 1, and ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 after MeAIB treatment were also significantly down-regulated (P < 0.05), which could contribute to the importance of SNAT2 in amino acid transportation and skeletal muscle cell sensing. In conclusion, SNAT2 suppression inhibited C2C12 cell growth and differentiation, as well as the availability of free amino acids. Although the mTOR complex 1 signaling pathway was found to be involved, its response to different nutrients requires further study.     

家禽肌肉组织中硝基咪唑类药物残留高效液相色谱检测法研究

 建立了检测家禽肌肉组织中甲硝唑、洛硝哒唑、二甲硝咪唑残留的高效液相色谱法。样品经乙酸乙酯振荡提取 ,浓缩 ,盐酸溶解残渣 ,己烷萃取除去脂肪。氢氧化钠调节溶液到pH 4 .8～ 5 .2 ,过C18小柱 ,甲醇洗脱 ,SpherisorbC18柱分离 ,32 0nm处检测。流动相为醋酸缓冲液 乙腈 (85∶15 ,v/v)。甲硝唑、洛硝哒唑和二甲硝咪唑检测限分别为 0 .5、1.0和 1.0ng·g-1。肉鸡肌肉组织中添加 6 .0ng·g-1水平回收率分别为 :甲硝唑 89.8% ,洛硝哒唑81.7% ,二甲硝咪唑 86 .6 %。此方法具有定性合理 ,检测限低 ,分析快速 ,准确等特点。     

兔疥螨体壁和肌肉超微结构的研究

透射电镜观察表明：兔疥螨（Ｓａｒｃｏｐｔｅｓｓｃａｂｉｅｉ）雌性成虫的体壁由表皮层和真皮组成．表皮层由上表皮、外表皮和内表皮组成．其中上表皮又可分为盖质层和表皮质层．真皮层则由一单层的表皮细胞层所构成．起源于表皮细胞的微管穿过内、外表皮，终止于近盖质层的表皮质层内，为单线型微管．本文还对皮纹、皮棘、杆状毛和基腹板等体壁附属构造进行了观察．骨胳肌细胞由肌质膜、肌质和核所组成．肌质膜为双层单位膜所组成．肌质内含肌原纤维、肌质网、线粒体、β－型糖原以及少许脂滴．肌原纤维显示色淡的Ｉ带和色深的Ａ带相间排列，Ｉ带中心为Ｚ线．Ａ带中每条粗肌丝周围配有９～１１条细肌丝．核单个，内含多量常染色质，核仁一个，电子密度深，位于一端．     

朗德鹅肌肉生成抑制因子基因（MSTN）的克隆及其表达量与日粮能量、血清IGF-I和GH的关系

 【目的】采用反转录－聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）技术,克隆朗德鹅肌肉生成抑制因子基因（MSTN）,研究MSTN基因表达和日粮能量及其部分血清激素含量的相互关系,了解MSTN的功能,为水禽分子营养和分子育种提供基础资料。【方法】从朗德鹅（Anser anser）的腿肌中抽提总RNA,用两步法RT-PCR扩增出MSTN基因的cDNA编码序列,以pGEM-T Vector为载体,将该片段克隆到大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）中。通过筛选阳性克隆,双酶切鉴定后测序;以MSTN基因的克隆为基础,以β-actin为内标,构建优化的半定量RT-PCR方法,研究高中低（A:13.38MJ•kg-1、B:12.13MJ•kg-1、C:10.87MJ•kg-1）3种不同能量对朗德鹅21日龄和70日龄2个时期,肌肉组织MSTN基因表达的差异;同时用放免法测定21、70日龄的血清GH和IGF-I浓度。【结果】克隆朗德鹅MSTN基因cDNA的部分序列,其片段大小为1 128bp,编码375个氨基酸组成的多肽,与已发表的鸡、鸭、鹅的MSTN 核苷酸相似性分别为94%、94%、99%;氨基酸的相似性分别为98%、97%、98%;21日龄时,朗德鹅公鹅、母鹅MSTN表达量差异不显著;70日龄时朗德鹅公鹅MSTN的表达量情况为能量A＞C＞B,朗德鹅母鹅MSTN的表达量情况为C＞B＞A;对于朗德鹅21～70日龄阶段的生长,MSTN基因的表达量和血清IGF-I的变化基本一致;与血清GH含量之间并不存在很大关联,GH和能量的高低呈正相关。【结论】日粮能量对21日龄后朗德鹅MSTN基因的表达有影响,且MSTN基因表达量和血清IGF-I具有相关性,和血清GH无较大相关性。     

蟋蟀粉替代鱼粉对黄颡鱼幼鱼生长性能、肌肉氨基酸组成和血清生化指标的影响

为研究蟋蟀(Gryllus bimaculatus)粉替代鱼粉对黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)幼鱼生长性能、肌肉成分和血清生化指标的影响,以黄颡鱼幼鱼[(2.0±0.13) g]为研究对象,分别使用蟋蟀粉替代0 (对照组)、15%、30%、45%和60%的鱼粉配制成5组等氮等能的实验饲料,分别记为T0、T15、T30、T45和T60组。实验幼鱼在室内循环水系统进行为期10周的养殖实验。结果显示,随着蟋蟀粉替代量的增加,黄颡鱼幼鱼生长呈先增加后降低的趋势;T30组的终末均重(FBW)、增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)最高,且均显著高于T0组;T30组的饲料系数(FCR)显著低于T0和T15组;T30的肝体比(HSI)显著高于T0和T15,而与T45和T60组无显著差异。与T0组相比,各替代组的脏体比(VSI)、摄食量(FI)、肥满度(CF)和成活率(SR)均无显著差异。黄颡鱼幼鱼肌肉必需氨基酸(EAA)含量中,T60组肌肉中精氨酸(Arg)和缬氨酸(Val)含量显著高于T0组;且蟋蟀粉替代不同比例的鱼粉对黄颡鱼幼鱼肌肉中的总呈味氨基酸(TFAA)含量均未产生显著影响。T30、T45和T60组血清中的葡萄糖(GLU)含量显著高于T0组;相反,其总胆固醇(TCHO)含量显著低于T0组。在本研究条件下,蟋蟀粉替代不同比例的鱼粉不影响黄颡鱼幼鱼的生长性能和肌肉氨基酸含量,且能增加血清GLU和降低TCHO含量,以30%的蟋蟀粉替代鱼粉比例能生长最佳,且优于对照组。本研究对揭示蟋蟀粉在黄颡鱼饲料中替代鱼粉应用的可行性、为今后昆虫蛋白源在水产饲料中的开发提供科学依据。     

梭鱼肌肉营养成分与品质的评价

利用常规营养测试方法对6尾梭鱼(雌雄各半)的营养成分进行了测定,并做了较为全面的分析和比较。结果表明,其肌肉鲜样中水分含量为80.90%,粗蛋白含量为17.25%,粗脂肪含量为0.76%,灰分含量为0.83%,碳水化合物为0.26%。肌肉中17种氨基酸的总量为干重的82.51%。其中,7种必需氨基酸的总量占干重的33.14%,占氨基酸总量的40.18%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比例为78.40%,符合FAO/WHO的标准。梭鱼的第一、二限制性氨基酸分别为蛋氨酸+胱氨酸和缬氨酸,必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)为59.63。梭鱼肌肉中含有24种脂肪酸,不饱和脂肪酸含量丰富,与饱和脂肪酸的比例约为3:1;必需脂肪酸ω-6和ω-3家族的比例(6.11:1)合理;EPA+DHA的含量占干重的4.32%,高于其他一些经济鱼类。梭鱼微量元素的比例合理。     

Role of angiotensin II and angiotensin II receptors in vascular smooth muscle cells migration

AIM:To determine the effects of Angiotensin II(AngII) on migration of rat smooth muscle cells and to investigate the mechanisms underlying Ang II action in the development of injured vascular disease. METHODS:VSMCs isolated from aortic media of Wistar rats and cultured by the modified explant method were adopted. In prersence and absence of AngII, the expression of AngII receptor and reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton of VSMCs were studied by immunocytochemistry technique, fluorocytochemistry technique. The migration assays were performed by a modified Boyden's chamber. And the effects of AT₁R antagonist (CV-11974), AT₂R antagonist (PD123319) on aforementioned target were studied.RESULTS:VSMCs migration was stimulated by addition of AngII. The dynamic reorganization of actin cytoskeleton may be an important mechanism by which AngII facilitates VSMC motility. The expression of AT₁R in VSMCs can be upregulated after treatment with AngII initially, then decreased gradually. The expression of AT₁R was downregulated by AT₁R antagonist. The effect of AngII on VSMCs migration was mediated by AT₁R, while AT₂R had no significant effect.CONCLUSION:The dynamic reorganization of actin cytoskeleton is required for AngII-induced VSMC migration, and this effect is mediated by AT₁R .