常见的凸封闭节曲线非圆齿轮副设计

根据非圆齿轮的啮合原理,针对椭圆、偏心圆和巴斯噶蜗线等几种常见的凸封闭节曲线及其共轭的非圆齿轮,推导了节曲线的计算公式,并可利用计算机进行精确求解和某些特性参数的修正计算。对三类齿轮副的传动性能和设计制造方面的优缺点进行了对比分析,为其后续设计和制造提供依据。     

Genetic (co)variances and breeding value estimation of Gompertz growth curve parameters in Finnish Yorkshire boars, gilts and barrows.

This paper's objectives were to estimate the genetic (co)variance components of the Gompertz growth curve parameters and to evaluate the relationship of estimated breeding values (EBV) based on average daily gain (ADG) and Gompertz growth curves. Finnish Yorkshire central test station performance data was obtained from the Faba Breeding (Vantaa, Finland). The final data set included 121,488 weight records from 10,111 pigs. Heritability estimates for the Gompertz growth parameters mature weight (alpha), logarithm of mature weight to birth weight ratio (beta) and maturation rate (kappa) were 0.44, 0.55 and 0.31, respectively. Genotypic and phenotypic correlations between the growth curve parameters were high and mainly negative. The only positive relationship was found between alpha and beta. Pearson and Spearman rank correlation coefficients between EBV for ADG and daily gain calculated from Gompertz growth curves were 0.79. The Spearman rank correlation between the sire EBV for ADG and Gompertz growth curve parameter-based ADG for all sires with at least 15 progeny was 0.86. Growth curves differ significantly between individuals and this information could be utilized for selection purposes when improving growth rate in pigs.     

Genetic evaluation of laying performance in the Zatorska goose: contribution to the conservation programme

1. The aim of the study was to estimate the heritability of the laying performance in the cumulative and partial production of eggs and predict the breeding values of native Zatorska geese in a conservation programme using Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) methodology. Second, the trajectory of the egg production curve was examined.

2. The data contain information about the laying performance of 1831 individuals in the first year of laying. To describe the trajectory of the laying performance, 10 mathematical models were tested. For the genetic parameter estimation of egg production, data from 1038 birds were used with a production higher than 20 eggs during the first season of laying.

3. The analysis of egg production was based on single and multi-trait models. Heritability, genetic and phenotypic correlations between phases of the laying performance as well as breeding values were estimated.

4. The best adaptation to the goose egg laying curve was the Ali and Schaeffer model. The estimates of heritability were 0.20 (0.06 SE) using the single-trait model and ranged from 0.12 to 0.24 using the multi-trait model.

5. The results suggest that the BLUP method can support the conservation programme.     

Growth, slaughter performance and feeding behaviour of young bulls belonging to three native cattle breeds raised in the Alps

Most studies on lactation curves only consider milk yield and describe a standard lactation curve of dairy cows, showing a peak or maximum daily yield occurring between 4 and 8 weeks after calving, followed by a daily decrease in milk yield until the cow is dried off. Wood's model is a widely used lactation curve function. Wood's model was fitted to test-day records of 95,405 lactations of parities lower than 5. Milk traits were milk yield (MY), fat percentage (F%), protein percentage (P%), fat yield (FY) and protein yield (PY), and the lactation curve was individually considered as a cluster of five linked curves. Milk trait and parity influence the goodness of fit of Wood's model. In 19.3% of the lactations, the shape of the MY, FY and PY curves follows the standard lactation curve while F% and P% have the reversed standard shape. The initial phase of lactation with the FY and PY curves contributes to the high variability of shapes.     

Fit of Wood's function to daily milk records and estimation of environmental and additive and non-additive genetic effects on lactation curve and lactation parameters of crossbred dual purpose cattle

The objectives of this study were to estimate the environmental and additive and non-additive genetic effects on lactation curve and lactation parameters of crosses of Holstein (H), Brahman (B) and Brown Swiss (BS) in Olancho region in Honduras. The data consisted of 54,517 milk yield records from 192 dual-purpose crossbred cows lactating from 2000 to 2005 at the Universidad Nacional de Agricultura de Honduras (UNA). The lactation curve and lactation parameters of interest were the scaling factor to represent yield at the beginning of lactation (a), the factor associated with the inclining (b) and declining (c) slopes of the lactation curves, and the milk yield at initial day of lactation (MY₂₀), peak milk yield (MY_max), day at peak milk yield (t_max), and the total milk yield (TM) per lactation, respectively. The incomplete gamma function (Wood function) was used to estimate lactation curve and lactation parameters from daily milk records of H × B, H × BS and BS × B crossbred cows. The environmental, additive and non-additive genetic effects on lactation curve and lactation parameters were estimated using Dickerson and Kinghorn models. The coefficients of determination of fitness of Wood's function (R²) ranged from 80% to 97% with an average of 93%. The lactation curve of the crossbred cows was similar to those reported for dairy cows grazing in the tropics. Lactation parameters such as MY_max, t_max and TM were significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by environmental sources of variation suggesting the necessity of differential management strategies. The moderate to large positive phenotypic correlation of MY_max and TM indicate that one of the milk yield parameters could be used as a selection criterion to improve either one or both traits. Despite the fact that both genetic models showed similar patterns, the absolute value of the parameters varied. For both models, individual additive genetic breed effect for H breed were significant (P < 0.05) and contributed more to TM than the BS breed. In the Dickerson model, highly positive significant (P < 0.01) effect on TM for H×BS and BS×B crosses was found. The Kinghorn model did not show significant effects of dominance on this parameter. The estimate of recombination effect for all crosses involving B breed were negative and significant (P < 0.05) for positive correlated lactation curve parameters. Although the inclusion of non-additive effects on crossbreeding genetic effects were not all significant for lactation curve and lactation parameters, non-additive effects should be taken into account to improve the Honduran dairy cattle production management.     

假苍耳的地理分布及潜在适生区预测

外来入侵植物假苍耳在中国东北部地区快速蔓延,威胁自然生态系统的结构并对人们的健康产生危害。本研究通过野外调查获得假苍耳在东北地区的分布范围,采用Maxent模型软件对假苍耳在我国及世界的潜在适生区进行预测,运用ArcGIS软件中的自然间断点分级法进行适生等级分类,ROC曲线评价Maxent模型预测的准确性,并结合刀切法及环境变量反应曲线判断分析影响假苍耳分布的主要环境变量。结果表明,假苍耳的适生区较广,扩散范围可能继续增大。我国的华北地区、东北地区、华东地区、华中地区、西南地区、西北地区均存在适生区,高度适生区主要分布在我国的黑龙江省、吉林省、辽宁省、内蒙古自治区、山西省、陕西省、河南省、河北省、山东省、北京市、天津市、新疆维吾尔族自治区。世界范围内除南极洲外均存在假苍耳的适生区,高度适生区主要在北美洲的加拿大和美国,非洲的摩洛哥,欧洲的西班牙、克罗地亚、匈牙利、斯洛伐克、波黑、塞尔维亚、马其顿、保加利亚、格鲁吉亚、亚美尼亚和阿塞拜疆,亚洲的土耳其、伊朗、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、中国、朝鲜、韩国和日本。上述适生区预测显示出假苍耳适宜生长在年均温度较高,最冷月份最低温和最冷季度平均温度较低的中纬度地区。     

塞北兔生长发育及生长曲线的拟合

采用Logistic非线性动物生长模型拟合塞北兔初生到6月龄的平均体重,进行生长曲线分析．结果表明：①根据Logistic生长曲线方程原理,确定了塞北兔生长曲线方程参数a=24．2593,b=0．9297,并对方程进行了拟合,建立了塞北兔生长曲线方程y^^=6596．5589／（1＋24．259 3e^-0.9297x）（P〈0．05）;②Logistic方程能很好的拟合塞北兔的生长过程,拟合度均在0．95以上,生长的拐点时间为3．43月龄,拐点体重为3298．28g,极限体重参数6596．5589g。     

乌骨鸡新品系产蛋性能选育效果及相关分析

本文统计和分析了丝羽乌骨鸡新品系四个世代的产蛋性状,采用SAS系统中GLM模型进行冬世代间产蛋性能的多重比较,用Excel软件描绘了父母系各世代产蛋曲线,并在各开产性状间进行了相关分析。结果表明,各产蛋性状各世代间大部分差异显著;开产日龄与开产体重和开产蛋重呈极显著表型正相关(0.39565,0.19906),与300日龄产蛋量呈极显著负相关(-0.24193);开产体重与开产蛋重呈极显著正相关(0.28654),与300日龄产蛋量和300日龄蛋重呈极显著负相关(-0.64308,-0.28698);开产蛋重与300日龄产蛋量呈极显著负相关(-0.64308)。开产日龄是影响产蛋性能的一个重要因素。     

三峡库区川南山地黄牛及杂种后代生长曲线拟合分析

三峡库区川南山地黄牛及其8种杂种后代的体重资料用Logistic和Gompertz模型进行生长曲线拟合分析。结果表明:2种模型都能很好地拟合川南山地黄牛及其8种杂种后代的生长发育规律,但Gompertz模型尤佳。成熟体重最大的是西杂牛313.2373 kg,最小的是本地黄牛166.1484 kg。引进的8个肉牛品种对本地黄牛都有改良效果,较好的有西门塔尔牛、海福特、红安格斯、德国黄牛、利木赞牛。