结构基因座和微卫星标记应用于绵(山)羊群体遗传分化的比较研究

对湖羊、同羊及长江三角洲白山羊的随机样本分别进行14个结构基因座和7个微卫星标记的遗传检测,比较由两种遗传标记获得的群体基因平均杂合度(H)、多态信息含量(PIC)及群体有效等位基因数(Ne);分别根据两种类型的基因频率资料,计算3个群体间的标准遗传距离并加以比较。结果表明:由微卫星等位基因频率获得的群体基因平均杂合度、多态信息含量及有效等位基因数显著大于结构基因座获得的,但在三群体中变化趋势是一致的;由结构基因座资料计算的3个群体间标准遗传距离为0 0268～0 2487,微卫星标记资料计算的3个群体间标准遗传距离为:0 2321～1 2313,绵山羊间显著大于绵羊群体之间。提示:结构基因座和微卫星标记一致揭示3群体内的遗传变异;同羊>湖羊>长江三角洲白山羊;微卫星标记较结构基因座标记更能表达近缘种间进化趋异水平,可将FCB11、MAF33、AE101、FCB128及FCB304位点作为研究绵山羊近缘种间遗传分化的标志性位点。     

Mate choice of an endogeic earthworm revealed by microsatellite markers

Endogeic earthworms are difficult study subjects due to the cryptic medium in which they live; thus, only the behaviour of epigeic and anecic earthworms has been studied before. We used microsatellite markers as a tool to elucidate the mate choice processes of Hormogaster elisae, an endogeic earthworm. It was shown to normally mate with two partners, preferably of the same size that are found in close proximity thereby eliminating the need for long-distance dispersion, which could explain the previously observed high genetic differentiation between populations. The genetic analyses of the sperm within each of its four spermathecae showed a uniform distribution with no signs of differential storage of sperm from different partners.     

Discrimination of ‘San Marzano’ accessions: A comparison of minisatellite, CAPS and SSR markers in relation to morphological traits

‘San Marzano’ (SM) is one of the most widely known tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivars, and is a classic example of a local variety with a premium value. Unfortunately, the original cultivated form is underrepresented in the Protected Denomination of Origin (PDO) area because of the incidence of contaminant and phenotypically similar genotypes. Our aim was to examine the ability of three DNA marker systems (minisatellite, cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) and simple sequence repeat (SSR)) to reveal the genetic diversity of tomato accessions that were, based on a morphological analysis, very similar. The data indicate that both minisatellites and SSRs can be used to genetically distinguish the analysed materials. Furthermore, these two marker systems depict relationships consistent with the hierarchal pattern obtained by the morphological data. As locally cultivated tomato accessions are often characterised by some degree of genetic variability, our results will be valuable in facilitating the purification, management and breeding of tomato germplasms. The differences between the marker systems employed are also discussed in relation to their usefulness in the agro-food chain.     

水稻F1花粉不育基因的精细定位及其遗传分化研究

水稻籼粳亚种间杂种的不育性限制了亚种间的遗传交流和杂种优势利用。本研究通过发展位置特异性的微卫星标记将F1花粉不育基因S-6座位进行了精细定位；通过分析近等基因系中代换片段的遗传效应，鉴定出了F1花粉不育基因S-d座位，利用位置特异性的微卫星标记将S-d进行了定位；根据基因组的序列资料和利用较大的作图群体对S-6和S-d两个座位进行了物理作图；通过分子标记辅助选择培育了一批复等位基因近等基因系，对育性基因的遗传分化进行了研究。取得了如下主要结果：1、根据S-6座位初步定位的结果发展位置特异性的微卫星标记，将F1花粉不育基因座S-6进行了精细定位。结果表明多态性标记均与S-6座位紧密连锁，其中R830STS、PSM7、PSM8、PSM9、．PSM59和PSM60位于S-6座位一端，与S-6座位遗传距离分别为1．5cM、1．2cM、0．9cM、0．9cM、0．9cM和0．9cM，而PSM202、PSM206、PSM208、RMl3、R2213SSTS和RM413位于S-6座位的另一端，与S-6座位的遗传距离分别为0．9cM、2．1cM、3．8cM、4．1cM、4．4cM和5．3cM。2、根据S-6座位精细定位的结果，从IRGSP下载了S-6座位所在区域克隆的序列，将克隆的序列进行了拼接，同时将与S-6座位紧密连锁的分子标记与序列拼接图进行了电子整合。根据整合的结果发展位置特异性的微卫星标记和STS标记，利用500株的作图群体，最终将S-6座位界定在PSM8与PSM215之间182．2kb的范围，其中PSM214、T17、T18和T19与S-6座位完全连锁。3、通过对近等基因系E11-5中代换片段遗传效应的分析，在第1染色体的代换片段上鉴定出一个新的F1花粉不育基因座S-d。根据基因组的序列发展位置特异性的微卫星标记将S-d座位进行了定位。结果表明多态性标记均与S-d座位紧密连锁，其中PSM27、PSM24、．PSM26、PSM23、PSM31、PSM25、PSM37、PSM41、PSM42、PSM43、．PSM44、．PSMl2和PSMl3位于S-d座位的一端，与S-d座位的遗传距离分别为10．6cM、7．2cM、7．2cM、6．8cM、6．8cM、6．4cM、6．4cM、4．8cM、4．8cM、3．2cM、1．6cM、0．4cM和0．4cM，而RM84、RM86、RM323、RMl和RM283位于S-d座位的另一端，与S-d座位的遗传距离分别为3．8cM、4．6cM、6．7cM、7．5cM和8．7cM。4、根据S—d座位定位的结果，从IRGSP下载了S-d座位所在区域克隆的序列，将克隆的序列进行了拼接，同时将与S-d紧密连锁的分子标记与序列拼接图进行了电子整合。根据整合的结果发展位置特异性的微卫星标记和STS标记，利用2160株的作图群体，最终将S-d座位界定在67．8kb的范围内，其中PSM93和PSM74位于S-d座位的两侧且各与S-d仅有一个重组，而PSM95、PSM96、T1和T2与S-d座位完全连锁。RiceGAAS注释分析表明在此区段有17个ORF。，其中3个ORF可能与杂种不育性有关。BLAST分析表明此段序列籼粳之间的同源性较低，这也可能是杂种不育的一个原因。5、通过分子标记辅助选择，在F1花粉不育基因s-n、s-6、s-c和s-d座位各培育了一批复等位基因近等基因系，测交分析表明各不育基因座位上的不育基因不仅分化为相对的S^i和S^j，而且基因型类型相同的复等位基因的遗传分化也达到了显著差异的水平。携带有多个复等位基因的近等基因系的测交分析表明，复等位基因近等基因系的遗传效应为各基因座位遗传效应的累加，各基因的遗传效应相互独立，彼此间无相互作用。     

Evaluation of Genetic Diversity of Wild Rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.) in Myanmar using Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs)

As a part of an in situ survey of wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.) in Myanmar (Burma), 16 strains of wild rice were collected, and analyzed for allelic diversity over 74 loci with simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to obtain a basic information for their conservation. Three each of indica and japonica cultivars were added for a comparison. In the six cultivars and 16 strains of wild rice, three to 15 alleles were detected per locus with an average of 7.9. The wild rice revealed a large number of unique alleles throughout their chromosomes with much wider ranges of variation than those detected in the six cultivars of O. sativa L.. The alleles found in the wild rice were classified into those specific to wild rice, common to wild rice and cultivars, and those similar to indica or japonica cultivars. According to the classification, the genotype of each of the 16 strains of wild rice was schematically depicted. The genetic variation among individual strains within a collection site was larger than the variation among the collection sites.     

A Simple DNA Preparation Method for PCR Amplifications in Marker-Assisted Selection of Wheat

An important, but often limiting step in marker-assisted breeding is the efficient isolation of plant DNA for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. A simple method using an alkali treatment to extract wheat DNA for marker-assisted selection (MAS) in wheat breeding programs was compared to a commercial kit and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) extraction. DNA concentration from the alkali extraction was higher than the other two methods but purity was lower than CTAB extraction. The alkali extraction method was used on breeding lines to determine its usefulness. The alkali-extracted DNA samples were suitable for several PCR-based procedures, including random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), microsatellite (simple sequence repeat, i.e., SSR) and sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR)analyses.     

水貂微卫星位点与经济性状相关的研究

通过建立一般线性模型对5个水貂群体、300个个体的2个经济性状与16个微卫星遗传标记位点的相关性的研究,结果表明:Mvi4004位点对金州黑水貂的体重影响较为显著,金州黑水貂Mvi4004的AA型与AB型间的体重差异显著,金州黑水貂Mvi4006的AC与BB基因型间的体重差异显著;银蓝色水貂的Mvi4004的AA和BB基因型间体重差异显著;丹麦标准貂Mvi4006的AA型与AB型间的体长差异显著。     

利用微卫星标记分析5个家兔品种的亲缘关系

选用10个微卫星标记分析了我国5个引进家兔品种的亲缘关系。结果表明:5个家兔品种内,比利时兔平均多态信息含量和平均杂合度最大,分别为0.5704和0.8233;加利福尼亚兔平均多态信息含量和平均杂合度最小,分别为0.4997和0.5897。根据计算Ds遗传距离,分别采用NJ和UPGMA两种方法进行聚类分析,结果表明由Ds得到的UPGMA聚类图可信度最高,可以在一定程度上反映5个家兔品种间的血缘关系。     

奶牛次级性状的微卫星标记与QTL定位研究进展

对奶牛繁殖性状(产犊容易度、排卵数)、体型性状(乳房性状、肢蹄性状、体型性状)、健康性状(体细胞和乳房炎抗性)和生产效率性状(生产寿命、泌乳速度等)等4类次级性状QTL定位的研究进展进行了综述。     

草原红牛微卫星标记的研究

选用草原红牛30头作为试验牛群体,经过牛血液基因组DNA的提取、8对微卫星引物的PCR扩增、扩增产物的聚丙烯酰胺电泳分型、计算机凝胶成像分析系统分析各位点等位基因及全部个体的标记基因型、PPAP3.0软件计算基因频率、多态信息含量(PIC)和杂合度等步骤从分子水平上分析了草原红牛在8个位点的遗传多态性。结果表明,IDVGA2、IDVGA46、TGLA44、BM1824、ETH225、BM2113、IDVGA44和IDVGA55等位基因数分别为6、6、6、4、4、2、6和4,多态信息含量分别为0.722 3、0.749 3、0.671 3、0.584 9、0.671 5、0.508 9、0.761 2和0.596 5,这8个位点均为高度多态位点。8个位点作为遗传标记应用于草原红牛遗传育种研究是可行的。