不同种类叶菜积累硝酸盐能力差异及其原因探讨

采用相同营养液水培的方式研究了7种叶菜硝酸盐的积累差异及其原因。结果表明,7种叶菜叶片硝酸盐含量差异较大,这种差异主要是由于不同叶菜叶片硝酸还原酶活性的差异、根系对硝酸盐的吸收速率和叶片中硝酸盐的代谢库和贮存库的不同造成的;不同叶菜叶片硝酸盐含量与硝酸还原酶活性和代谢库的大小呈明显的负相关,与贮存库和吸收速率呈明显的正相关;叶菜的生长状况影响叶片的硝酸盐含量。     

柠檬水饮用治疗妊高病患者便秘的效果观察

目的探讨柠檬水治疗妊高病患者便秘的效果及其护理方法.方法将60例3d无大便妊高病患者分为2组,一组采用常规饮食治疗,另一组在饮食治疗基础上,加以柠檬水饮用.两组进行对照,观察排便效果.结果两组患者排便效果差异有显著性（P〈0.05）.结论柠檬水饮用治疗妊高病患者便秘的效果明显优于常规饮食治疗,值得临床广泛推广.     

Soil microbial biomass response to woody plant invasion of grassland

Woody plant proliferation in grasslands and savannas has been documented worldwide in recent history. To better understand the consequences of this vegetation change for the C-cycle, we measured soil microbial biomass carbon (C_mic) in remnant grasslands (time 0) and woody plant stands ranging in age from 10 to 130 years in a subtropical ecosystem undergoing succession from grassland to woodlands dominated by N-fixing trees. We also determined the ratio of SMB-C to soil organic carbon (C_mic/C_org) as an indicator of soil organic matter quality or availability, and the metabolic quotient (qCO₂) as a measure of microbial efficiency. Soil organic carbon (C_org) and soil total nitrogen (STN) increased up to 200% in the 0–15 cm depth increment following woody plant invasion of grassland, but changed little at 15–30 cm. C_mic at 0–15 cm increased linearly with time following woody plant encroachment and ranged from 400 mg C kg⁻¹ soil in remnant grasslands up to 600–1000 mg C kg⁻¹ soil in older (>60 years) woody plant stands. C_mic at 15–30 cm also increased linearly with time, ranging from 100 mg C kg⁻¹ soil in remnant grasslands to 400–700 mg C kg⁻¹ soil in older wooded areas. These changes in C_mic in wooded areas were correlated with concurrent changes in stores of C and N in soils, roots, and litter. The C_mic/C_org ratio at 0–15 cm decreased with increasing woody plant stand age from 6% in grasslands to <4% in older woodlands suggesting that woody litter may be less suitable as a microbial substrate compared with grassland litter. In addition, higher qCO₂ values in woodlands (0.8 mg CO₂-C g⁻¹ C_mic h⁻¹) relative to remnant grasslands (0.4 mg CO₂-C g⁻¹ C_mic h⁻¹) indicated that more respiration was required per unit of C_mic in wooded areas than in grasslands. Observed increases in C_org and STN following woody plant encroachment in this ecosystem may be a function of both greater inputs of poor quality C that is relatively resistant to decay, and the decreased ability of soil microbes to decompose this organic matter. We suggest that increases in the size and activity of C_mic following woody plant encroachment may result in: (a) alterations in competitive interactions and successional processes due to changes in nutrient dynamics, (b) enhanced formation and maintenance of soil physical structures that promote C_org sequestration, and/or (c) increased trace gas fluxes that have the potential to influence atmospheric chemistry and the climate system at regional to global scales.     

Vineyard soils under organic and conventional management—microbial biomass and activity indices and their relation to soil chemical properties

Eight vineyards in Pfaffenheim (P) and Turckheim (T) close to Colmar, France, forming four pairs of organic and conventional vineyards, were analyzed for microbial biomass and activity indices in relation to important soil chemical properties (carbon, nutrient elements, heavy metals) and also to differences between the bottom and top positions on the vineyard slope. The question was whether the vineyard management affects especially the soil microbiological indices. Three locations were on limestone (P-I, P-II, T-II), one on granite (T-I). The gravel content (>2 mm) ranged from 9 to 47%. The management systems had no significant main effect on the contents of organic C, total N, P, and S. The mean total contents of man-derived heavy metals decreased in the order Cu (164 μg g⁻¹ soil) > Zn (100 μg g⁻¹ soil) > Pb (32 μg g⁻¹ soil). The contents of microbial biomass C varied between 320 and 1,000 μg g⁻¹ soil. The significantly highest content was found at location P-II, the significantly lowest at the moderately acidic location T-I. The contents of microbial biomass N and adenosine triphosphate showed a similar trend. At location T-I, the fungal ergosterol-to-microbial biomass C ratio and the metabolic quotient qCO₂ were significantly highest, whereas the percentage of soil organic C present as microbial biomass C was lowest. Highest percentages of soil organic C present as microbial biomass C and lowest qCO₂ values were found in the organic in comparison with the conventional vineyards. None of the soil microbiological indices was significantly affected by the position on the slope, but all were significantly affected by the management system. This was mainly due to the highest index levels in the organic vineyard location P-II with the longest history in organic management.     

Ratios between estimates of microbial biomass content and microbial activity in soils

The content levels and activities of the microbiota were estimated in topsoils and in one soil profile at agricultural and forest sites of the Bornhöved Lake district in northern Germany. Discrepancies between data achieved by fumigation-extraction (FE) and substrate-induced respiration (SIR), both used for the quantification of microbial biomass, were attributed to the composition of the microbial populations in the soils. In the topsoils, the active, glucose-responsive (SIR) versus the total, chloroform-sensitive microbial (FE) biomass decreased in the order; field maize monoculture (field-MM)>field crop rotation (field-CR) and dry grassland>beech forest. This ratio decreased within the soil profile of the beech forest from the litter horizon down to the topsoil. Differences between microbial biomass and activities suggested varying biomass-specific transformation intensities in the soils. The metabolic quotient (qCO₂), defined as the respiration rate per unit of biomass, indicates the efficiency in acquiring organic C and the intensity of C mineralization, while biomass-specific arginine-ammonification (arginine-ammonification rate related to microbial biomass content) seems to be dependent on N availability. The qCO₂, calculated on the basis of the total microbial biomass, decreased for the topsoils in the same order as did the ratio between the active, glucose-responsive microbial biomass to the total, chloroform-sensitive microbial biomass, in contrast to qCO₂ values based on the glucose-responsive microbial biomass, which did not. There was no difference between the levels of biomass-specific arginine-ammonification in topsoils of the fertilized field-CR, fertilized field-MM, fertilized dry grassland and eutric alder forest, but levels were lower in the beech forest, dystric alder forest, and unfertilized wet grassland topsoils. Ratios between values of different microbiological features are suggested to be more useful than microbiological features related to soil weight when evaluating microbial populations and microbially mediated processes in soils.     

Evaluation of Kits for the Detection of Fibrin(ogen) Degradation Products in Dogs

The sensitivities and specificities of 3 commercial serum fibrin(ogen) degradation product (FDP) kits and 1 plasma FDP kit for the detection of FDPs in dogs were determined. Blood was collected for measurement of serum and plasma FDP concentrations from 30 healthy dogs and from 20 dogs that fulfilled clinical and laboratory criteria for disseminated intravascular coagulation. To determine the effect of hemolysis on FDP results, blood was collected simultaneously into Bothrops atrox venom-based and thrombin-based serum collection tubes for measurement of FDPs using a single serum FDP kit. The sensitivity (80-95%) and specificity (90-100%) for a positive or negative FDP result, regardless of concentration, was similar for all kits. Kits yielded discordant results in individual dogs and FDP concentrations obtained from 1 serum FDP kit were consistently higher than those from the other kits. Serum prepared from venom-based collection tubes was significantly more hemolyzed than serum prepared from thrombin-based collection tubes or citrated plasma. Hemolysis did not affect the FDP results. On the basis of these results, we conclude that commercial latex agglutination kits for detection of FDPs in serum and plasma samples from human patients are valid for use in dogs. The plasma FDP assay is a viable alternative to currently used serum FDP assays and has the advantage of using a single (citrated plasma) sample for measuring coagulation parameters and FDP concentration.     

Degradation processes and nutrient constraints in sodic soils

Accumulation of excess sodium (Na⁺) in a soil causes numerous adverse phenomena, such as changes in exchangeable and soil solution ions and soil pH, destabilization of soil structure, deterioration of soil hydraulic properties, and increased susceptibility to crusting, runoff, erosion and aeration, and osmotic and specific ion effects on plants. In addition, serious imbalances in plant nutrition usually occur in sodic soils, which may range from deficiencies of several nutrients to high levels of Na⁺. The structural changes and nutrient constraints in such soils ultimately affect crop growth and yield. The principal factor that determines the extent of adverse effects of Na⁺ on soil properties is the accompanying electrolyte concentration in the soil solution, with low concentration promoting the deleterious effects of exchangeable Na⁺ even at exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) levels less than 5. Consequent to an increase in the use of poor quality waters and soils for crop production, the problems of sodic soils can be expected to increase in future. The mechanisms that explain sodic behaviour can provide a framework in which slaking, swelling and dispersion of clay together with nutrient constraints in sodic soils may be assessed so that the practices to manage such soils can be refined for long‐term sustainable agriculture. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

早期营养限制对肉鸡生长性能和胴体品质的影响

本文研究了早期长时间(1~21日龄)低强度(每日4 h)营养限制对肉鸡生长性能和胴体品质的影响。选择健康、体重相近1日龄安康红肉用公母混合雏鸡600羽,随机分成2个组(对照组与试验组),每个组300羽(含3个重复,每个重复100羽)。饲养试验分3个阶段:1~21、22~42和43~63日龄。试验组1~21日龄每日10:00~14:00实施限饲(不给料),22~63日龄恢复自由采食,对照组全期自由采食。所有试验鸡在自由饮水和24 h光照条件下进行为期63 d的饲养试验。限饲结束(21日龄)和饲养试验结束(63日龄)后,每个组的每个重复选择母鸡8羽(共96羽)进行屠宰试验与取样分析。结果表明,肉鸡早期低强度(12.59%限饲量)长时间(1~21日龄)的连续限饲方案显著降低了1~21日龄肉鸡生长速度;22~63日龄恢复自由采食后获得了明显的补偿生长,饲料转化率各阶段差异均不明显(P>0.05)。早期限饲明显改变了21、63日龄肉鸡的胴体组成和肉质,显著提高上市肉鸡(63日龄)腿肌重而不影响胸肌重,提高胸肌蛋白含量而降低脂肪含量,同时明显增加了腹脂沉积量。上述结果提示,早期营养限制对肉鸡具有代谢程序化和营养重分配的作用,能显著改变肉鸡的胴体品质。     

GPV感染扰动雏鹅系统互作网络的研究

为了解GPV(Goose parvovirus)侵染的病理学致病机理,探究GPV感染扰动雏鹅动态代谢网络平衡系统,对GPV感染雏鹅血液中的蛋白质、代谢酶活性及其同工酶结构和功能等进行生化分析。结果显示,GPV感染雏鹅的血液中,蛋白酶、Est、POD、SOD、ALP、ADH、Amy、CAT、GPT、LDH活性分别提高约41%/63%,30%/53%,50%/14%,36%/73%,156%/142%,1005%/22%,36%/26%,13%/51%,60%/244%,289%/139%;Ig G、IgM含量分别降低约50%,40%;蛋白质含量增长约50%,GPV感染雏鹅的血浆Est、SOD、ADH、Amy同工酶分别新增2,2,1,3条酶谱带,Est同工酶消减2条慢区谱带;血细胞Est、POD、SOD、Amy同工酶分别新增1,2,1,2条酶谱带;血液中CAT、LDH、GPT、ALP同工酶分别出现7,1,3,3条酶带变异,血细胞CAT、ADH同工酶分别缺少快区和慢、快区酶带,ALP同工酶在血浆与血细胞方面分别缺少慢区和快区酶带。同时显示重链59 kDa蛋白带是CK组IgM/G的共同特征,感染组Ig G还缺失258,36 kDa蛋白带;血浆与血细胞分别新增加131,86,43,33 kDa和144,104,58,53 kDa蛋白。血浆消减1条慢区酶蛋白,血细胞增加2条慢区酶蛋白。提示GPV感染应激与寄主蛋白质、蛋白酶及同工酶基因表达的协同作用,通过独特的扰动宿主动态平衡代谢网络直接或间接调控细胞易感性能。