1957—2015年叶尔羌河流域气候变化特征及其径流响应

根据流域内气象、水文站点的长期观测数据,利用线性趋势、相关系数、累积距平、Mann-kendall(M-K)突变检验等方法分析不同区域的干、湿季气候变化特征,并假定不同的气候情景组合,分析径流对气候变化的响应程度。结果表明:(1)1957-2015年4个单元气温和降水量呈增加趋势;除上游外,相对湿度、平均风速和大风日数呈减小趋势,流域径流量呈增加趋势。(2)气温在1996年发生突变;降水量未出现明显突变点;相对湿度在2005年左右发生突变;除下游外,平均风速在1983年发生突变;径流量于1993年发生突变,突变后径流量增加了9.08×10^8m^3。(3)相关性分析显示,流域径流量与湿季平均气温、平均最低(最高)气温呈极显著正相关,与湿季平均风速、大风日数和相对湿度呈负相关,除上游径流与干季降水量呈正相关外,其他区域与降水量呈负相关。(4)敏感性分析表明,当降水量不变,气温升高1℃,径流量增加9.06%;当气温不变,降水量增加10%,径流量减小1.67%,这主要与径流组成有关。流域77.4%的径流量来自雪冰融水补给,当降水量增加时,气温降低,减少了冰川积雪的融化,因而流域径流与气温呈正相关,与降水量呈负相关,且对气温变化更敏感。     

2000-2018年广西植被时空变化及其对地形、气候和土地利用的响应

广西是典型的喀斯特地区,其生态系统非常脆弱。为评估广西植被时空变化特征及其影响因素,该研究基于2000－2018年MODIS数据,利用最大值合成和趋势分析等方法,分析广西植被NDVI时空变化特征;基于相关分析等方法,结合地形因子、气候因子和土地利用数据,探讨了植被NDVI对地形、气候变化和土地利用的响应。结果表明：1）2000－2018年广西植被NDVI呈增加趋势,但空间差异显著,表现为北高南低,边缘高中间低。2）随着高程的增加植被NDVI呈现先增加再减少的趋势;随着坡度的增加植被NDVI呈先增加至稳定再减小的趋势;除无坡向以外,坡向的不同对植被NDVI影响不大。3）广西2000－2018年气温和降水对植被NDVI为正影响,复相关系数达到0.32。在不同土地利用类型上,植被NDVI对气候的响应是不同的。研究结果揭示了广西植被时空变化特征及其对地形、气候和土地利用的响应,能够为广西可持续发展和生态环境建设提供决策支持。     

气候变化条件下中国灌溉面积变化的产量效应

灌溉可以有效缓解气候变化对粮食生产的不利影响。采用中国不同区域2006-2019年实际灌溉用水量,对4个气候模式(GFDL-ESM2M,Had GEM2-ES,IPSL-CAM5-LR,MIROC5)驱动下的3种作物模型(GEPIC、PEPIC和LPJml)的灌溉用水量进行评估,优选模拟结果较好的前5个模式组合,分析RCP2.6和RCP6.0情景下,2021-2050年中国玉米、水稻、大豆和小麦产量变化,评估灌溉面积扩张的增产效应。结果显示:未来气候变化下,2021-2050年降水量的增加使得中国水稻和大豆以及北方地区玉米和小麦产量均呈现增长趋势,其中东北80%左右的地区和西北70%左右的地区玉米产量将提高0.2～0.8 t/hm~2,东北85%左右的地区水稻和大豆增产幅度分别超过1.0、0.5 t/hm~2,东北90%左右的地区和西北75%左右的地区小麦产量增幅分别介于1.0～2.0、0.5～1.0 t/hm~2之间。降水量的减少使得西南南部地区的玉米和小麦产量均下降0.2 t/hm~2左右。不同区域玉米和小麦的增产效应差异明显,由于北部地区光热条件较差、小麦基础产量较低,使得小麦灌溉增产潜力(1%～11%)以及增产效率((0.12±0.06)kg/m~3)均较高,北部地区小麦的灌溉面积扩张可有效应对气候变化的不利影响。     

Fish assemblages in the Southern California Current: relationships with climate, 1951–2008

We examined the dominant patterns of variability in the fish fauna of the southern California Current based on a principal component (PC) analysis of the California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations ichthyoplankton data set, 1951–2008. Eighty‐six taxa were analyzed, including all ecologically dominant fish species, both exploited and unexploited. The first three PCs accounted for 20.5, 12.4 and 6.8% of the variance of the data, respectively (total: 39.7%). Each was dominated by taxa from particular adult or larval habitats. PC 1 predominantly represented the coherent response of 24 mesopelagic taxa from 10 families and was most highly correlated with long‐term trends in midwater oxygen levels. PC 2 was dominated by six of the seven most abundant ichthyoplankton taxa in the region, predominantly California Current endemics including key pelagic species (northern anchovy, Pacific sardine and Pacific hake), rockfishes (genus Sebastes) and two midwater taxa. It was correlated primarily with sea surface temperature and exhibited a significant declining trend. PC 3 was dominated by coastal and reef‐associated fishes with predominantly southerly affinities. It was positively correlated with sea surface temperature and sea level height, a proxy for diminished flow of the California Current. The taxa dominating PCs 2 and 3 mostly spatially co‐occur as ichthyoplankton. These results suggest that fish assemblages in the California Current are predominantly influenced by environmental forcing of their ocean habitats as adults or larvae, or both.     

Sea turtle by‐catch in the Mediterranean

Sea turtle by‐catch data in the Mediterranean were reviewed and analysed with fishing effort. The results indicate over 132 000 captures per year, with probably over 44 000 incidental deaths per year, while many others are killed intentionally. Small vessels using set net, demersal longline or pelagic longline represent most of the Mediterranean fleet and likely cause more incidental or intentional deaths than large vessels typically using bottom trawl or pelagic longline. When interactions, mortality, intentional killing, size (a proxy for reproductive value) and turtle populations are considered, results indicate that Mediterranean green (Chelonia mydas) and loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) are more affected (i) by fishing gears such as bottom trawlers, demersal longlines and set nets, (ii) by small‐scale fisheries, and (iii) by fishing in the eastern basin. Although small‐scale fisheries should be the priority target, available measures are easier to implement on the fewer large vessels. Moreover, these measures are few, and they are not implemented yet, while others should still be tested for the Mediterranean fisheries. Thus, measures for reducing captures or mortality through changing gear‐specific characteristics may help, but probably a more holistic conservation strategy aimed to an ecosystem‐based fishery management for a sustainable fishing would be the only solution for the long‐term survival of Mediterranean Sea turtle populations and their habitats. Small‐scale fisheries should manage marine resources, including turtles, in a responsible and sustainable way. Turtles may not only benefit from but can also help this process if their non‐consumptive value is fully recognized.     

不同气候模态下西北太平洋柔鱼渔场环境特征分析

柔鱼冬春生群体广泛分布于西北太平洋,其种群分布与大小受气候变化和环境因子调控。本实验根据中国鱿钓组提供的1995—2011年渔业捕捞数据和海洋环境数据包括海表温度(SSTA)、海表面高度(SSHA)和混合层深度(MLDA)的距平值,分析不同气候模态下(PDO暖期和PDO冷期)柔鱼渔场环境的变化。结果显示,PDO暖期时,柔鱼CPUE高;PDO冷期时,CPUE变低。柔鱼渔场SSTA、SSHA和MLDA年间变化显著,各环境变量的时间变化与PDO冷暖相位对应。SSTA和SSHA与PDO指数负相关,滞后时间分别为–9~10月和–20~17月,且均在0月时相关系数最大;而MLDA与PDO指数呈正相关,滞后时间为–6~5月,在–1月相关系数最大。利用经验正交函数分析了SSTA、SSHA和MLDA时空变化的主要模态,前5个模态特征向量分别反映了西北太平洋柔鱼渔场SSTA、SSHA和MLDA分布场78.73%、32.82%和64.57%的信息。研究表明,气候模态变化驱动柔鱼渔场环境的变化,进而对西北太平洋柔鱼资源丰度产生显著影响。     

Breaking the ice: the introduction of biofouling organisms to Antarctica on vessel hulls

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Decadal trends in abundance,size and condition of Antarctic toothfish in McMurdo Sound,Antarctica, 1972–2011

We report the analyses of a dataset spanning 39 years of near‐annual fishing for Dissostichus mawsoni in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, 1972–2011. Data on total length, condition and catch per unit effort (CPUE) were derived from the > 5500 fish caught, the large majority of which were measured, tagged and released. Contrary to expectation, the length frequency of the McMurdo Sound catch was dominated by fish in the upper two‐thirds of the overall distribution exhibited in the industrial catch for the Ross Sea shelf. Fish length and condition increased from the early 1970s to the early 1990s and then decreased. Fish length positively correlated with Ross Sea ice extent in early spring, a relationship possibly caused by more ice encouraging larger fish to move farther south over the shelf and into the study area. Fish condition positively correlated with the amount of open water in the Ross Sea during the previous summer (Feb), perhaps reflecting greater availability of prey with the higher productivity that more open water brings. Decreasing fish size corresponds to the onset of the fishery, which targets the large individuals. CPUE was constant through 2001 and then decreased dramatically. We hypothesize that this decrease is related to the industrial fishery, which began in the 1996–97 austral summer, and concentrates effort over the ice‐free Ross Sea continental slope. As a result of limited prey choices and close coupling among mesopredators of the region, Antarctic toothfish included, the fishery appears to be dramatically altering the trophic structure of the Ross Sea.     

Expression of HSP70 in response to heat-shock and its cDNA cloning from Mediterranean blue mussel

Expression of HSP70 in response to heat-shock was investigated at the protein and mRNA levels in Mediterranean blue mussel. Western and Northern blot analyses revealed that HSP70 was expressed following heat-shock in the mantle at both protein and mRNA levels, suggesting that gene expression of HSP70 is implicated in the cellular response to heat-shock stress in mussel. It was then attempted to clone HSP70 cDNA in order to determine the primary structure of mussel HSP70. As a result, two full-length cDNA encoding HSP70 were isolated from a cDNA library prepared from the heat-shocked mantle. The isolated cDNA consist of single open reading frames of 2067 bp and 1911 bp which encode proteins of 689 amino acids and 637 amino acids, respectively. Both HSP70 cDNA encode an ATPase do main, and a substrate-binding do main in addition to a Glu-Glu-Val-Asp (EEVD) peptide motif that is specific for cytosolic HSP70. These findings suggest that the cDNA clones obtained in the present study encode cytosolic HSP70.