甘肃第四纪气候期划分

第四纪时期气候变化是由冷和暖及干和湿组成的。冷和暖及干和湿是相对的，是呈循环变化的，是有强、弱之分和持续时间长短不同的。本文根据第四纪地层中植物孢粉和ＣａＣＯ３的含量及岩石风化系数、黄土中古土壤、第四纪泥炭的造炭期等资料，通过分析研究，用比拟方法确定第四纪气候期的性质，用冷和暖及干和湿作为第四纪气候期划分的尺度。将第四纪气候期划分为四次温暖期、五次寒冷期、一次冷热频繁交替期。     

Two faces to the greenery on housing estates–mitigating climate but aggravating allergy. A Warsaw case study

Interest in the climate and an awareness of the beneficial cooling influence exerted on it by biologically-vital areas is growing, as climate change progresses, hot weather is more frequent as well as the urban heat island more intense. It is necessary to protect existing greenery in the cities and to introduce new planting. However plants in a warmer climate can produce larger amounts of pollen and are more readily able to initiate an allergic reaction among those prone to them. That means—not every greenery is advantageous for humans in the cities. In the research two housing estates built at different times and differ in type, density and age of buildings, as well as in the composition and the percentage of biologically vital area and the species planted were examined. Detailed inventory of tall greenery entailed the trees and shrubs and next their assumed allergenic potential was made. Cooling effect likely is derived from the difference in greenery, but the other factors such as differences in the density of buildings and spatial organization of the estate could also influence it. The older estate with the ratio of biologically vital areas of 54.3% is characterised by more favourable local climate than the newer estate, with the ratio of biologically vital areas equals 40.7% and young vegetation. On the newer one the perceptible thermal conditions did not differ significantly compared with the city centre. Unfortunately, on Koło Estate trees creating mild thermal conditions are also the trees promoting allergies most severely: birches, poplars and limes. And they are planted usually around playgrounds and kindergarten. The trees of high allergenicity should be partially removed, even risking small worsening thermal conditions.     

未来气候变化情景下我国主要粮食作物产量变化模拟

采用气候模式BCC-T63与作物模式WOFOST相结合的研究方法,在多年试验数据和模型适宜性验证的基础上,模拟分析了未来100 a(2000～2100年)气候变化情景下我国主要粮食作物发育和产量变化趋势.主要的粮食作物选取东北区域的玉米、华北区域的冬小麦和南方区域的双季稻.东北区域为东经120°～135°,北纬40°～50°,主要以黑龙江、吉林和辽宁三省区为研究对象;华北区域为东经111°～123°,北纬35°～41°,主要包括京、晋、冀和鲁等地;南方区域为东经109°～120°,北纬25°～30°,主要包括湖南、湖北以及江西等地.结果表明:东北地区玉米生育期会缩短,其中,中熟玉米平均缩短3.8 d,晚熟玉米平均缩短1.4 d,产量也会相应地下降,中热玉米平均减产3.3%,晚熟玉米平均减产2.7%;华北地区冬小麦的生育期平均缩短8.4 d;产量平均减产10.1%;南方早稻生育期平均缩短4.9 d,晚稻生育期平均缩短4.4 d,早稻的产量变化范围为1.9%～-9.5%,平均减产3.6%,晚稻的产量变化范围为2.2%～-7.3%,平均减产2.8%.     

云南不同气候带农业气候资源变化特征研究

为分析全省平均以及各气候带光能、热量、水分资源的时空变化特征,使用云南115站及6个气候带代表站1961—2018年的气候要素计算各地农业气候资源统计量。结果表明,光能资源变化以减少趋势为主,出现显著突变,各气候带太阳辐射变化可能会引起云南太阳辐射高低值中心发生变化,2009年以来辐射明显增加可能会导致太阳辐射出现新的变化趋势和突变点;热量资源一致显著增加,喜凉及喜温作物的活动积温、积温持续时间及无霜期长度均显著增加,并且呈现初日提前、终日推后的趋势,对作物生长有利;水分资源总体呈现减少趋势,尤其21世纪以来下降趋势明显,亚热带地区暖干化现象突出,干旱风险等级较高。     

Traditional Mobile Pastoralism in a Contemporary Semiarid Rangeland in Namaqualand,South Africa

Pastoral systems are regarded as complex social-ecological systems with components that interact and change over a range of spatial and temporal scales. As such, herd mobility has traditionally been used to respond to the dynamic nature of these systems. However, mobile pastoral systems around the world are becoming more constrained and increasingly fragmented with important implications for herd mobility. This study assessed the spatial distribution of 256 herds and their mobility patterns over a decade in the 10 villages that comprise the spatially constrained Leliefontein pastoral area in South Africa. We developed a hierarchical model of rangeland use, which showed that several stratified and connected socioeconomic, climatic, and environmental factors determined the spatial and temporal use of grazing areas in this 192 000-ha semiarid environment. At the highest level of use, access to the Leliefontein pastoral area is formally regulated. At the next level, the place of residence of herd owners largely defined which village commons was used by their livestock. At the third level of rangeland use, the wealth status of owners determined where in relation to human settlements their herds were located. At the lowest level in the hierarchy, the locations of water and croplands delineated seasonal grazing areas and the movement of stockposts. These stratified factors, together with the overall variability in grazing resource availability and the different decision making processes involved, resulted in high flexibility and diversity of herd mobility patterns at the lowest level of rangeland use. This, in turn, ensured heterogeneity in resource use over a range of spatial and temporal scales. It was concluded that policies should embrace the complexity of the pastoral system and enable the adaptive management of herds. This could reduce the level of vulnerability experienced by pastoralists to climate variability and wider societal change.     

1961-2015年吉林省降雨侵蚀力的时空变化特征

[目的]分析吉林省1961-2015年降雨侵蚀力的时空变化趋势,为该省的农业和生态保护、水土保持等工作提供科学依据.[方法]利用吉林省46个自动气象站1961-2015年逐日降雨量资料估算吉林省逐气象站的降雨侵蚀力,并采用相关系数、气候倾向率和反距离空间插值方法分析吉林省降雨侵蚀力的时空变化趋势.[结果]吉林省年平均降雨侵蚀力在空间分布上从集安开始呈向西北和东北逐渐递减的变化趋势,其空间分布特征与年平均降水量的空间分布特征基本一致.时间分布上与多年平均降水量的时间分布特征具有高度一致性,在7月达到峰值.有34.8％的气象站点降雨侵蚀力呈上升趋势,中、西部大部分地区呈下降趋势,东部有1/2以上呈上升趋势,但只有长白站的下降趋势通过显著性检验.不同地区各年代平均降雨侵蚀力变化也不一致,具有波动性.不同年代各降雨侵蚀力等值线在空间分布上总体变化不大.[结论]吉林省降雨侵蚀力在时空变化上与降水量一致,不同地区降雨侵蚀力变化趋势不一样,几乎没有通过显著性检验.     

Temperature control of the distributional range of five C3 grass species in the uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park,KwaZulu-Natal,South Africa

Global climate change is expected to influence the distribution of global biodiversity. C₄ and C₃ perennial grasses co-occur in the fire-prone KwaZulu-Natal uKhahlamba-Drakensberg grasslands, with C₃ grass species occurring at cooler locations in the mountain range and C₄ grass species at warmer locations. If a warming climate is expected to cause a contraction in the ranges of C₃ grasses, evidence of temperature controlling current distributions is required. This study modelled the distribution of five C₃ grass species, namely Tenaxia stricta, Tenaxia disticha, Festuca costata, Merxmuellera drakensbergensis and Merxmuellera stereophylla, to temperature-related surrogate variables using presence–absence data collected across the environmental heterogeneity of the mountain range. Distributions of each species, and of all species combined, were modelled using generalised additive models. These temperature-related variables accounted for the distribution of all five species, least so for F. costata. Four species could therefore contract in range in response to climate change, whereas F. costata is least likely to have a range contraction directly related to a warming climate and could experience a range expansion owing to the fertilising effect of increased [CO₂].     

Energy expenditure in Awassi sheep grazing wheat stubble in the northern Negev Desert of Israel

In semi-arid Mediterranean areas, small grain aftermath stubble represents an important summer source of food for grazing flocks of small ruminants. Wheat stubble is a mediocre source of forage and flocks are grazed in summer under harsh conditions of temperature and air dustiness. However, stubble grazing procedures are changing, water and shading are more frequently available between grazing sessions (“improved management”), and the biological soundness of this ancestral practice needs to be re-visited. The present study was aimed at evaluating the cost in energy of “improved” wheat stubble grazing, compared with feeding a similar diet indoors. The intake of stubble was first quantitatively and qualitatively evaluated in Awassi sheep. Ewes consumed daily 980 ± 100 g day^− 1 of wheat stubble. Ewes were then housed and fed diets consisting of wheat hay, straw and grain formulated to be iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous to diets consumed from wheat stubble. The average intake of ME was similar during the confinement and the pasture periods (6.4 ± 0.5 and 7.6 ± 0.8 MJ day^− 1of ME, respectively). During 2 days of each period, animals were fitted with external electrodes and data loggers of heart rate and skin temperature. Energy expenditure (EE) was calculated from oxygen consumption estimated as the product of heart beats rate measured for the two days by the amount of oxygen delivered to body tissues at each heart beat (O₂ pulse). The O₂ pulse was determined by simultaneously measurement of oxygen consumption and HR twice daily on two occasions, while grazing stubble and indoors. Energy expenditure and energy balance were not different in sheep while grazing wheat stubble (11.1 and − 3.5 MJ day^− 1) or fed indoors (11.1 and − 4.8 MJ day^− 1). Our data show that stubble did not cover nitrogen and energy requirements for maintenance, and that the cost of summer stubble grazing carried out under conditions described here is less than thought before.     

Long-Term Increasing Productivity of High-Elevation Grassland Caused by Elevated Precipitation and Temperature

It is important to understand how climate change and increased atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition over the past decades have affected the productivity of different grassland types. High-elevation grasslands are sensitive to human activities and climate change, however little is reported about the effect of temperature, precipitation, and N deposition on productivity. For monitoring long-term changes in productivity, four ungrazed sites were established in 1984 in a high-elevation grassland of the Tianshan mountains in central Asia and grassland productivity was measured over ≈2−3 decades. In addition, a site with four N addition treatments was established in 2009. We conducted an 8-yr experiment in which nitrogen was added in the high-elevation grassland. These results show an aboveground net primary production (ANPP) increase in both spring and the peak growing season at ungrazed sites with increasing temperature and precipitation in the past 30 yr. ANPP of grasses and total grasses and forbs were strengthened by increased N deposition, especially when heavy snowfall was accompanied by higher spring and growing season temperatures. ANPP of total grasses and forbs was significantly correlated with snowfall. High-elevation grasslands are clearly susceptible to climate change and N deposition.     

发展过渡带地区草坪业若干问题探讨

介绍我国过渡带地区地理位置和主要植被气候特点,分析了过渡带地区草坪业存在的主要问题和促进该地区草坪业发展的主要措施。