灯笼鱼资源的开发与利用

灯笼鱼属于中深海鱼类,广泛分布于全球各大洋中,资源量巨大。灯笼鱼通常被用于加工饲料鱼粉和鱼油,市场价值较低,因此被称为低值鱼类,长期不被人们重视。近年来,随着海洋渔业资源日趋紧张,人们开始重新关注全球的灯笼鱼资源,在灯笼鱼的资源调查、探捕和产品加工方面进行了大量的研究和实践,开发出了可供人类消费的灯笼鱼食品。尽管在灯笼鱼的研究和开发利用方面还有许多问题尚待解决,但是越来越多的渔业专家对灯笼鱼资源开发利用的前景抱有信心。     

Reforming the European Common Fisheries Policy: a case for capacity and effort controls

I summarize the total allowable catch (TAC) fishery management system, which forms part of the European Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) as complicated, inaccurate and ineffective. Total allowable effort (TAE), i.e. limits on fishing capacity and days‐at‐sea, provides a simpler, readily enforceable control to protect all species affected by a fishery. Fishing capacity of vessels in each region‐gear fleet could be capped through limits on engine power, gear, crew, and fittings, and/or reducing allowances of days‐at‐sea for large, powerful vessels. Two basic, fishery‐dependent indicators are put forward to assess sustainability of a fishery dependably even in the absence of fishery‐independent data. One is socio‐economic, the other is ecological. Fishery working groups within each marine region would recommend a TAE to sustain their fishery while also protecting the most critically affected species or processes. Regional working groups would supervise a consistent approach across the different fisheries in their region. A pan‐European group would set policy, implement external agreements, set rules for trading TAE if necessary and harmonize fishing opportunities across regions. To ease negotiations on TAEs with the fishing industry when an ecosystem needs to recover, I propose compensation payments funded by re‐direction of existing CFP subsidies that promote fishing.     

Thirty years of change and the future of Alaskan fisheries: Shifts in fishing participation and diversification in response to environmental,regulatory and economic pressures

Heterogeneity in human responses and decision‐making can contribute to the resilience of social–ecological systems in the face of environmental, political and economic pressures. In fishery systems worldwide, the ability of harvesters to maintain a diverse portfolio of fishing strategies is important for building adaptive capacity. We used a case‐study approach to examine the complexity of factors that inhibit or promote diversification in fisheries of Alaska, one of the major fishing regions of the world. Through a combination of harvest records and literature review, we explored shifts in participation and portfolio diversity in Alaskan fisheries over three decades. The four case‐studies examined the responses of fishers, fleets and communities to multiple, intersecting pressures, including biological declines, market and price dynamics, fishery privatization and the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill. These cases illustrate how stressors acting at multiple scales can encourage or constrain opportunities for diversification, and that these opportunities may be spread inequitably across participants. Overall, we found evidence for reduced participation and increasing specialization in Alaskan commercial fisheries. While numerous factors explain these trends, policies like individual quota systems and the increasing cost of entry into fisheries are forcing consolidation at local to regional scales. A portfolio approach to managing fisheries that reduces barriers to diversification and includes broad representation of resource users and communities in management may help to maintain opportunity and choice for fishers.     

海南“石斑鱼苗网”渔具属性辨析

对在2004年7~8月间南海区小型海洋渔具渔法调查中发现的“石斑鱼苗网”的渔具结构、属性、性能和管理进行了分析讨论,研究认为“石斑鱼苗网”属于敷网类,网团型,延绳式。对石斑鱼苗有良好的诱捕效果,从保护资源的角度出发,应对其实施规范管理。     

Reflections on the influence of a synthesis of circle‐hook evidence on the angling community and conservation policy and practice

1. Understanding how different forms of environmental evidence inform the actions of different stakeholders is useful to improve how we share knowledge with knowledge users. Reflections on a literature review that we published in 2004 on circle hooks as a tool for fish conservation in the recreational fishing sector identified a number of ways in which that synthesis was influential.
2. The article has had direct influence on policy and regulations in a number of countries, but there were even more examples of where the article has been used to influence voluntary guidelines. The article also contributed to formally defining circle hooks, which was necessary from a regulatory and enforcement perspective.
3. The recreational fishing community has also embraced the work, with numerous angling articles based on the literature review appearing in the media and with some angler organizations pushing for the adoption of circle hooks. The fishing tackle industry has also responded with evidence that circle hooks are now more widely available in stores with more hook design options to suit diverse recreational fisheries. In addition, the influence of the article has extended beyond the recreational sector to commercial fishery issues that span several taxa. The research agenda from the article helped to direct research for more than a decade and has since been updated.
4. Overall, this review was timely in that it provided various knowledge users with credible information synthesized in a thoughtful manner at a time when there was interest and need in exploring circle hooks as a tool to enhance the conservation of angled fish. Although this was not a systematic review, it still served as a form of evidence synthesis that gave diverse knowledge users information to guide them in their decisions.

     

拖网渔船船-机-桨-网匹配研究

在拖网渔船的设计中,需要重点考虑螺旋桨与船-机的匹配、渔具与船-机-桨的匹配,实现推进系统的高效能发挥。本文引入时间概率的最佳螺旋桨参数优化确定方法,考虑拖网渔船设计的限制条件,通过优化分析,达到运营工况综合效能最佳,实现螺旋桨与船-机的合理匹配。从拖网渔船数据库中选取30艘运营状况优良的渔船进行有效拖力计算,建立拖网渔船有效拖力与主机功率和拖速的多元非线性回归方程,依据此方程得出的有效拖力结果选择网具和网板,实现有效拖力与渔具的合理匹配,最终实现渔具与船-机-桨的合理匹配。通过实船计算对比,验证了回归的有效拖力估算公式误差范围和适用性。研究表明:在拖网渔船设计初期,可以利用该公式估算有效拖力进行网具和网板的匹配,实现技术经济优化论证,最终实现船-机-桨-网的优化匹配。     

水产养殖中使用氰化钠毒杀敌害生物对海洋生态环境影响的探讨

在水产养殖中,氰化物被用于毒杀敌害生物,但有关使用氰化物对海洋生态环境影响鲜有报道。本文从氰化钠在海洋环境中的迁移转化,对生物体的毒性效应,对生态系统的影响等方面进行探讨,研究表明:在水产养殖中合理使用氰化钠,对生态环境和人类健康不会造成有害的影响。     

长江近口段鳗苗捕捞量的时间格局及其与生态因子的GAM模型分析

为研究长江口鳗苗捕捞量与生态因子的相互关系,于2012年汛期对长江靖江段鳗苗的捕捞量进行了监测,采用广义可加模型(GAM)对日捕捞量与水温、潮差、气压、浑浊度等生态因子之间的相关性作了分析。结果显示,靖江段鳗苗汛期为1月下旬—4月上旬,单船总捕捞量为221~443尾,平均(344.8±83.4)尾。1月均值仅0.4尾/d,且空网率高达90.9%;4月为旺汛期,均值10.4尾/d,空网率仅为10.0%。GAM模型显示,潮汐周期—月份交互项、水温和潮差对鳗苗日捕捞量的影响显著,而气压、浊度和月相周期对鳗苗日捕捞量的影响不显著。潮汐周期—月份交互项、水温和潮差对鳗苗日捕捞量的偏差解释率分别为42.4%、19.1%和13.1%,均呈现正相关关系。统计也显示,日捕捞量表现出上、下弦月较低、新月或满月前后较高的半月周期波动。鳗苗捕获的最低水温为6.3℃,而10~15℃为适宜捕捞水温。高潮期和低潮期分别占总捕捞量的76.8%和23.2%。研究表明,长江口鳗苗在借助潮汐流而快速溯河的过程中,部分在口门水域即被捕获,部分滞留在了长江河口段,而影响鳗苗溯河的重要生态因子是潮汐和水温。     

Patterns and impacts of fish bycatch in a scallop dredge fishery

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