Are survival and reproduction of Enchytraeus albidus (Annelida: Enchytraeidae) at risk by feeding on Bt-maize litter?

Enchytraeids are saprophagous soil organisms, appearing in high abundances and contributing to ecological processes within the soil. For decades they have been used as model species for biological research. In the framework of research on genetically modified plants, however, they have not been considered to date. Following the ISO/DIS guideline, survival and reproduction of Enchytraeus albidus, fed with diets containing Bt-maize (N4640Bt Cry1Ab, DKC5143Bt Cry3Bb1) leaf material were analysed. For comparison, diets with the corresponding untransformed near-isolines (N4640, DKC5143) were examined. Additionally a high quality control diet (oat flakes) was included. Survival and reproduction showed no significant differences between the Cry3Bb1 treatment and the treatment with the untransformed counterpart. For the Cry1Ab treatment survival was significantly higher than for the treatment with the corresponding near-isoline. In contrast, reproduction was significantly lower for the Cry1Ab treatment compared to that for the isoline. For the Cry3Bb1 treatment, no effect was shown on survival or reproduction. For the Cry1Ab variety and its untransformed counterpart, a contrasting result was detected, which is unlikely to be caused by the Bt-protein but rather by differences in other plant components. Overall survival and reproduction were highest for the control.     

海洋生物微塑料检测方法及污染现状研究进展

海洋微塑料污染问题是全球研究热点,现有研究表明微塑料在海洋环境中无处不在,对海洋生态的威胁逐渐加重,伴随着海洋食品的兴起,人们也越来越重视微塑料污染对人体健康的危害。本文通过对海洋生物体内微塑料污染情况的概述,系统分析了微塑料对海洋生物造成的影响。主要针对微塑料检测的前处理方法以及组分的鉴定方法展开综述,对不同方法的优缺点进行比较,指出在微塑料检测研究中多种方法综合应用效果最佳。基于现阶段海洋微塑料的研究状况,从科学研究和管控方面讨论了目前研究中存在的问题,展望了未来的研究方向。     

Chemical Review of Gorgostane-Type Steroids Isolated from Marine Organisms and Their 13C-NMR Spectroscopic Data Characteristics

Gorgostane steroids are isolated from marine organisms and consist of 30 carbon atoms with a characteristic cyclopropane moiety. From the pioneering results to the end of 2021, isolation, biosynthesis, and structural elucidation using ¹³C-NMR will be used. Overall, 75 compounds are categorized into five major groups: gorgost-5-ene, 5,6-epoxygorgostane, 5,6-dihydroxygorgostane, 9,11-secogorgostane, and 23-demethylgorgostane, in addition to miscellaneous gorgostane. The structural diversity, selectivity for marine organisms, and biological effects of gorgostane steroids have generated considerable interest in the field of drug discovery research.     

1.0%斑蝥素乳油对重要非靶标生物的安全性评价

参照"化学农药环境安全评价试验准则"的规定,测定了1.0%斑蝥素乳油对蜜蜂、家蚕、蝌蚪、蚯蚓、土壤微生物5类环境生物的毒性。结果表明:1.0%的斑蝥素乳油对蜜蜂24 h触杀毒性LD50为0.15μg/蜂,摄入毒性LC50为1.83 mg/L;对家蚕表现为强烈的拒食作用,24 h接触毒性LC50为0.83μg/cm2;对蝌蚪24 h和48 h LC50分别为0.93 mg/L和0.87 mg/L;对蚯蚓7 d的LC50为22.66 mg/kg;10 mg/L处理蔬菜地和小麦地土壤,对土壤微生物15 d的呼吸抑制率分别为16.1%和21.8%。以上结果表明,1.0%斑蝥素乳油对蚯蚓和土壤微生物表现为低毒,对蜜蜂和家蚕属高毒,对蝌蚪表现为中等毒性。     

机械压实对土壤质量、作物生长、土壤生物及环境的影响

 不合理的农田机械作业会造成土壤紧实度增加,这不仅会改变土壤的物理、化学和生物学性质,而且会使作物生长以及土壤生物活动受到影响,并增加温室气体排放,成为土地退化、作物产量降低及全球气候变暖的因素之一。本文综述近年来国内外在土壤机械压实方面的相关研究进展,探讨减轻土壤紧实度的可能方法和措施,为中国在农业现代化进程中合理使用农业机械,减少土壤机械压实提供参考。     

转基因大豆MON89788检测质粒标准分子构建与应用

[目的]构建适用于转基因大豆MON89788检测的质粒标准分子.[方法]利用定性PCR和连接、转化等分子克隆技术,将大豆内标准基因lectin、MON89788的3'端特异性序列和5'端特异性序列依次克隆到pMD18-T载体上,获得质粒标准分子pMD-LM3M5,并进行适用性验证.[结果]获得了3 700 bp的质粒标准分子,其中重组DNA片段1 029 bp.该质粒标准分子的定性PCR检测灵敏度达到10 copy.[结论]该研究构建的质粒标准分子pMD-LM3M5能替代NON89788基体标准品,用于MON89788大豆及其产品的定性PCR检测. Abstract： [Objective] The aim was to construct a plasmid reference molecule (PRM) for detection of transgenic soybean MON89788.[Method]the lectin gene sequence,3'-junction and 5'-junction sequence between host plant DNA integrated DNA of MON89788 soybean were amplified independently,and the three fragments were cloned into the cloning vector pMD18-T in order through molecular manipulation method to construct pMD-LM3M5,the applicability of the constructed novel PRM was tested. [Result] Sequencing confirmation result showed that the PRM was 3 700 bp in length,containing 1 029 bp of recombined DNA fragment.The limits of qualitative detection of the PRM were 10 copies,[Conclusion]The PRM constructed in this study was suitable for the identification of MON89788 event.     

茅尾海海水养殖业污染变化趋势分析及控制对策

根据2001～2012年广西海洋环境监测中心的监测数据,对茅尾海区域海水养殖污染物排放进行计算,采用数理统计法、秩相关系数法分析海水养殖业污染变化趋势.结果表明,茅尾海海区内海水养殖污染呈现显著上升的趋势变化,并针对该现状提出合理的控制对策建议.     

我国林业外来有害生物的入侵与防范措施

主要是对当前我国外来有害生物的入侵并蔓延原因进行分析,并提出对外来有害生物的防范措施。     

The effect of the herbicide diuron on soil microbial activity

The inhibitory effect of the herbicide diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea] on microbial activity in red Latosol soil was followed using microcalorimetry. The activity of the micro-organisms in 1.50 g of soil sample was stimulated by addition of 6.0 mg of glucose and 6.0 mg of ammonium sulfate under 35% controlled humidity at 298.15 (+/- 0.02) K. This activity was determined by power-time curves that were recorded for increasing amounts of diuron, varying from zero to 333.33 micrograms g-1 soil. An increase in the amount of diuron in soil caused a decrease of the original thermal effect, to reach a null value above 333.33 micrograms g-1 of herbicide. The power-time curve showed that the lag-phase period and peak time increased with added herbicide. The decrease of the thermal effect evolved by micro-organisms and the increase of the lag-phase period are associated with the death of microbial populations caused by diuron, which strongly affects soil microbial communities.     

Risks to the aquatic ecosystem from the application of Metarhizium anisopliae for locust control in Australia

Laboratory tests of Metarhizium anisopliae var acridum Driver & Milner, at a dose of 1.3 x 10(6) conidia ml-1, had no adverse effects on nymphs of mayfly, Ulmerophlebia sp or 8-week-old fry of the rainbow fish, Melanotaenia duboulayi Castelnau. This dose was toxic to the cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia Richard, causing 100% mortality in 48 h. When this test was repeated at doses of up to 6.7 x 10(3) conidia ml-1, there was only 5% mortality after 192 h. Spraying of artificial water sources with a very high dose of the fungus as an aqueous spray resulted in 80-130 conidia ml-1 at 15 cm depth in the first 24 h after spraying. The conidia rapidly settled out and were absent from the top 15 cm layer of water after about 50 h. A similar experiment using the oil formulation as used in field control resulted in a 2- to 20-fold lower level of conidia in the water. Finally, sampling actual water sources in spray areas revealed a very low level of contamination of the water, with a maximum mean level of 29 conidia ml-1 in the first 24 h after treatment. Thus the level of conidia likely to enter water during control campaigns is a small fraction of that required to kill cladocerans, the only sensitive non-target organism tested. It is concluded that the biopesticide is very unlikely to pose any hazard to aquatic organisms.