小麦穗长性状基因的发掘与标记开发

【目的】挖掘与利用小麦穗长控制基因,开发与之紧密连锁的KASP标记,为小麦分子标记辅助育种奠定分子基础。【方法】以Avocet为母本、Chilero为父本,构建含有164个家系的F₆ RIL群体,利用55K SNP芯片,结合5个穗长表型环境（2019年河南省孟津县、2019年河南科技大学农场、2019年河南省洛宁县、2020年河南省孟津县、2020年河南科技大学农场）及各环境穗长均值进行数量性状位点(quantitative trait locus,QTL)定位,对定位到的主效QTL开发KASP标记,并在130份小麦自然群体中进行验证。【结果】共定位到11个控制穗长性状的QTL位点,有7个主效QTL,分别为QSl.haust-2AL、QSl.haust-2DS、QSl.haust-5AL1、QSl.haust-5DL、QSl.haust-7BL、QSl.haust-2AS和QSl.haust-4DL,表型贡献率为4.22%~30.94%,其中QSl.haust-5AL1在3个环境中表现稳定且为主效QTL,其表型贡献率为4.22%~19.10%;另有4个微效QTL位点,分别为QSl.haust-2BL、QSl.haust-3AL、QSl.haust-3DS和QSl.haust-5AL2,表型贡献率为4.70%~7.55%。依据控制穗长的主效QTL位点QSl.haust-5AL1和QSl.haust-7BL的侧翼标记,开发了相应的KASP分子标记KASP-QSl.haust-5AL1和KASP-QSl.haust-7BL1,在130份小麦自然群体中检测验证,其中KASP-QSl.haust-5AL1标记筛选出的2种基因型,穗长分别为10.93和10.17 cm,经t检验,P值为0.045,差异显著;KASP-QSl.haust-7BL1标记筛选出的2种基因型,穗长分别为10.90和10.26 cm,经t检验,P值为0.048,差异显著。【结论】挖掘的控制小麦穗长的主效QTL和开发的KASP分子标记,可以用于该性状的基因克隆与分子标记辅助育种。     

中性温度层结时森林郁闭度与林冠上风速廓线的关系

该文利用风洞实验及野外实测资料，用逼近方法求出中性温度层结时不同郁闭度林分林冠以上风速廓线特征．结果表明，风速廓线参数（零平面位移ｄ、林冠表面粗糙度Ｚ０、动力速度Ｕ）随郁闭度Ｃ的变化而改变，ｄ随Ｃ的增大而增大，二者关系可由对数函数表示：ｄ＝（Ｈ／ａ）ｌｎ（Ｃ／Ｃ０）．Ｚ０和Ｕ的变化特征比较相似，在Ｃ＝０２附近有最大值，Ｃ再增大或减小，Ｚ０和Ｕ值均逐渐减小     

小麦主茎穗长的遗传模型分析

采用一双列杂交资料,介绍小麦主茎穗长的遗传模型分析方法。分析结果表明,主茎穗长符合加性—显性遗传模型,且以加性效应为主,其平均显性度为0.6456,属部分显性。并对其选择的适宜世代进行了估计,从F_4代可进行选择,这时加性方差占遗传方差的比已达90％以上。     

鱿鱼钓船产量与船长的关系

针对当前国内鱿鱼钓船船长有逐步增大的趋势,在收集大量数据的基础上,分析了作业于新西兰渔场和北太平洋渔场的鱿鱼钓船的单线日产量和机钓每天总产量与船长的关系,指出一味追求大的船长并不一定能够获得较好的经济效果。     

马尾松两个木材性状的变异规律和造纸原料林经营措施探讨

本文分析了马尾松管胞长度和木材密度这两个性状在树木个体内不同方向上及个体间的变异趋势,得出了管胞长度在个体高度方向上变异的几种数学模型。方差分析表明,两个性状在个体内的变异程度大于个体之间并且有极显著的统计学差异。同时还建立了胸径处两性状值与株加权平均值间的线性回归方程。讨论了不同年龄,不同林分密度对这两个性状的影响,结果是林分年龄的不同对管胞长度无显著影响,林分密度的不同,在23—24年左右时,对管胞长度有极显著影响。林分年龄和林分密度的不同,对木材密度无显著影响。     

水、陆稻根部性状的研究

选用来自日本、中国华北、东北、西北等地的粳型水稻品种8个和陆稻品种7个，在大田旱种和雾培条件下测其根系性状和叶片水势等。结果表明，在2种栽培条件下水、陆稻的根长、根数、根基粗、根中粗和根体积等性状相关显著；水、陆稻不同的品种间根系性状的差异均达极显著水平，陆稻品种的根比水稻品种的长、根的基部粗。陆稻品种的叶 片水势比水稻高，并且与根长、根基粗相关显著；水陆稻幼苗4叶期根基粗和灌浆期的根基粗相关极显著。因此水、陆稻苗期根基粗可以作苗期初步鉴定抗旱性的一种指标。     

诱发籼稻早、晚双向熟期突变的研究

在同一品种的辐射M_2代中,一般可同时出现早、晚双向熟期的突变,且后者的突变率高于前者分别为1.39％和2.67％。突变体提早和延迟的天数两者基本接近(11.5d对10.3d)。早晚双向突变体,由于其熟期发生了相反方向的改变,因而在一定程度上株高、每穗粒数、千粒重等农艺性状也发生了双向变异,且达到显著水平。     

城市土壤特性及其改良

城市土壤是经过人类活动的长期干扰,并在城市特殊的环境背景下发育起来的土壤。它与农田土壤的特性有着明显的不同,对城市森林植物的生长十分不利。文章就城市土壤的特性及改良技术措施作简要介绍。       

Morphological plasticity of cotton roots in response to interspecific competition with pecan in an alleycropping system in the southern United States

A study was conducted in northwest Florida, USA, to investigate root development and morphology of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under pecan (Carya illinoensis K. Koch) trees in an alleycropping experiment. Root:shoot ratio, root biomass, total root length and root length density were examined under three treatments: (1) barrier (separating belowground interspecific competition by trenching to a depth of 120 cm and installing polyethylene barrier), (2) non-barrier (root systems were free to interact), and (3) monoculture of cotton (without above and belowground interspecific competition with trees). Results indicated that plants in the barrier and non-barrier treatments had lower root:shoot ratios compared to the monoculture treatment. Belowground competition for resources between pecan and cotton in the non-barrier treatment resulted in 25 and 33% reduction of total root length (359 cm) when compared to that of the barrier (477 cm) and monoculture (539 cm) treatments, respectively. The non-barrier plants also exhibited the lowest root length density. Specific root length was highest for the monoculture (179 cm g⁻¹) and lowest for the non-barrier treatment (146 cm g⁻¹) with the barrier treatment being intermediate (165 cm g⁻¹). Interspecific competition with pecan significantly altered root development and morphology of cotton plants. Research in agroforestry should take into account the developmental differences in root systems of the associated crop species so that better models incorporating nutrient and water uptake can be developed.     

Analysis of root fractal characteristics in remote areas of the Taklimakan desert, China

Fractal geometry is a potential new approach to analyze the root architecture, which may offer improved ways to quantify and summarize root system complexity as well as yield ecological and physiological insights into the functional relevance of specific architectural patterns. Fractal analysis is a sensitive measure of root branching intensity and fractal dimension expresses the ＂space filling＂ properties of a structure. The objective of this study was to find out the fractal characteristics of root systems in a remote area of the Taklimakan desert in China. The entire root system of two naturally occurring species were excavated and exposed with shov- els in 2007. The species were Tamarix taklamakanensis and Calligonum roborovskii. A one-factorial ANOVA with species as factor showed statistically a highly significant difference in fractal dimensions, indicating differences in their pattern of root branching. There was no relationship between root diameter and two parameters of fractal root models a and q, representing general characteris- tics of root systems, for either species （a： the ratio of the sum of root cross-sectional areas after a branching to the cross-sectional area before root division; q： the distribution of the cross-sectional areas after branching）. We have found significant linear relation- ships between the diameter after branching and root length and biomass respectively, because of the self-similarity of root branching. Branching rules are the same for roots of all sizes and lengths. Root biomass for the root systems of entire trees can be estimated by measuring the diameter of each root at the base of the trunk or the diameter after branching. We have shown that the diameter of each root at the base of the trunk and the diameter after branching are effective indices that can be measured easily in order to estimate the root lengths, biomass and other parameters of root architecture.