On the restoration of high diversity forests: 30 years of experience in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

We present a review of more than 30 years of ecological restoration in the Brazilian part of the Atlantic Forest. Based on what has been done in this biome, we try to summarize the main findings and challenges for restoration in this highly threatened forest biome. We found that many past experiences did not result in self-perpetuating forests, for different reasons. Currently, most projects aim to construct self-sustaining communities and no longer see restoration as a deterministic process. We also found that the reconstruction of permanent forest with high diversity is feasible but it depends on the strategies applied and on the surrounding landscape. Although many new techniques have been created (e.g. seed rain management or promotion of natural regeneration), the most used one in the Atlantic Forest is still the planting of many native species from different functional groups. Native species are largely used and perform well even in highly disturbed environments. Today, many projects are trying to produce thousands of hectares of permanent forests and many technical advances are about to be incorporated. But restoration also faces some main challenges to become an effective and widespread means of conserving the Atlantic Forest which are, namely, reducing costs, planning restoration actions at landscape-level, and conforming to socio-political issues. The socio-political tools to overcome such barriers in practice have yet to be developed.     

Towards an ecologically-sustainable forestry in the Atlantic Forest

Since pristine Atlantic Forest remnants are vanishing, and biological reserves are in short, conservation of biodiversity will largely depend on proper management of the anthropogenic matrix. Here, we test (1) the effectiveness of ecologically-managed tree monocultures in maintaining Araucaria Forest biodiversity, (2) how this effectiveness change among taxa, and (3) we discuss management principles that can be used by the forestry industry in order to contribute positively to biodiversity conservation. The study was conducted in the São Francisco de Paula National Forest, southern Brazil, an environmental mosaic composed mostly of patches of Araucaria Forest and ecologically-managed monocultures of Araucaria, Pinus and Eucalyptus. Using standardized sampling methods in these four main habitats, we have recorded the richness and species composition of small mammals, birds, leaf-litter frogs, butterflies, galling insects, spiders, opiliones, flatworms, woody plants, epiphytic angiosperms, epiphytic ferns, lichens, and fruit-body producing fungi. Overall, we recorded 506 species in Araucaria Forest, 181 (36%) of which were exclusive of this habitat while 325 (64%) could be found in at least one monoculture. Distribution patterns of species richness and number of records across taxonomic groups showed that a large biodiversity can be found inside ecologically-managed plantations of Araucaria, Pinus, and Eucalyptus. For all studied taxa, except for epiphytic angiosperms and fruit-body producing fungi, more than half of the Araucaria Forest species could be found living on monocultures. We discuss how the actual management practices of the forest industry can be improved to contribute positively to the conservation of the Atlantic Forest biodiversity.     

农艺措施对线状匍匐茎藨草发生的影响

在摸清线状匍匐茎藨草田间发生消长动态和分布型的基础上,开展了不同茬口模式、翻耕深度等农艺措施对线状匍匐茎藨草出苗影响的研究.结果表明:线状匍匐茎藨草在水稻播种后即出苗,3个月内持续快速增长,每周平均增加391.57株/m~2;线状匍匐茎藨草在田间呈集群分布;与水稻-麦子-水稻茬口相比,西瓜-麦子-水稻茬口可减少线状匍匐茎藤草发生量85%以上;线状匍匐茎藨草随土层翻耕深度的增加发生数量逐渐减少,使用农机具田间翻耕深度14～16 cm较浅耕(8～10 cm)可减少线状匍匐茎藨草发生量64.4%.     

天然白桦林经营调控技术及目标管理

传统抚育技术间小留大不全面适用白桦林,提出分龄组、分林层、分树种、分径级经营,不同间伐强度标准的技术目标管理.在成熟林中有不成熟林木存在,在未成熟林中有成熟林木存在,用径级工艺成熟取替龄级工艺成熟,把森林利用着眼点从成、过熟林两个龄组,拓广到全部龄组上来,发挥森林总体产出功能.林分立木株数分布序列,在平均直径以下,中、小径木占70%,蓄积占30%;平均直径以上,大径木占30%,其蓄积占70%;在中龄林以上,问伐15%～20%大径木株数,其蓄积占40%～50%.     

二维水沙数据的管理——以黄河下游为例

以黄河下游河段为例,介绍了二维水沙数据预处理的方法,提出了基于GIS的面向对象的数据管理模型,最后通过一些基于空间数据的核心操作介绍了模型管理的主要功能。     

石羊河流域地质灾害特征及成因分析

利用河西走廊石羊河流域的矿产分布情况、岩性特征、地质构造和地下水分布特征等资料,分析了该区主要地质灾害的特点和成因。结果表明,该流域南部山区主要地质灾害以地面塌陷、滑坡、崩塌、泥石流、地裂缝等为主,主要原因是不合理开采矿山以及不稳定地质结构和软弱岩性在强降水等触发作用下形成的;北部民勤主要地质灾害以荒漠化、水土流失和盐渍化等为主,主要原因是该区三面被沙漠包围,沙化区面积和沙层厚度较大,地下水埋深浅、矿化度高,沙尘暴频繁,自然植被遭到破坏,超量开采地下水,利用高矿化度水灌溉等,并根据不同灾害形成机制和特点,提出了减少地质灾害发生的综合治理措施。     

河南省农科院农业信息化技术研究进展与发展方向

概述了近10年来河南省农科院围绕农业信息化的关键技术及应用,在作物模型与栽培模拟优化决策系统、农业管理信息系统开发、农业遥感监测应用、农田信息化和农业信息化理论等方面所取得的研究成果,提出了近中期的重点研究方向:开展适合河南省小规模经营特点的精准农业相关理论及关键技术研究。     

匍匐栒子播种育苗技术

从种子采集、处理,整地,苗期管理方面详述了匍匐栒子的播种育苗技术。     

农业科研实验室规范化管理的探讨

随着实验室规模和层次的不断提升,实验室评估、分中心建设工作的广泛开展,加快实验室规范化管理已显得十分重要。实验室规范化管理主要包括实验室组织机构管理、设施和环境管理、技术人员管理、仪器设备管理、化学药品管理、档案管理等内容。本文就如何进行农业科研实验室的规范化管理问题进行了有益的探讨。     

An Evaluation of the Introduction of Modified Cropping Practices in Yunnan Province, China, Using Surveys of Farmers＇ Households

Problems associated with land degradation are serious in China. Sloping land in South China has experienced a decline in crop productivity by 30-60% due to soil erosion and it has been predicted that most topsoil will be lost within the next 100 years if current erosion rates continue. Considering these situations, an agro-environmental research and development project （Sustainable Highland Agriculture in South-East Asia- SHASEA） was conducted in a catchment in Yunnan Province, China, to address the objectives of increasing crop productivity in sustainable and environmentally-friendly ways. A range of cropping practices was developed and implemented in a rural upland catchment （Wang Jia）. At the end of the project, farmers were surveyed to evaluate project effectiveness. All farmers from Wang Jia Catchment, who were involved in project implementation, were surveyed. A sample of farmers working in an adjacent catchment （not associated with the project） was surveyed for comparative purposes. Farmers had different perceptions of the cropping practices employed. Contour cultivation was preferred and likely to be adopted. Others practices such as straw mulching and intercropping were seen as less appropriate and unlikely to be adopted. Polythene mulch was recognized as effective, but likely to be adopted only if financial returns were favourable. The availability of relevant information had an important impact on the extent of technology testing by farmers and their willingness to adopt the practices in the future.