海洋灾害对渔业资源管理的影响及其对策

近年来,恶性捕捞严重,海洋渔业资源管理模式落后。同时,人类过度开发利用以及不可抗因素时有发生,使得海洋生态系统遭到破坏,渔业资源管理也面临着新的问题。对我国渔业资源管理现状以及非常态下渔业资源的恢复与开发利用等方面进行了综述,对非常态下渔业资源管理中存在的问题进行了阐述,并提出了对应的管理措施,最后对非常态下渔业资源管理制度发展建设进行了展望。     

Simulating farming practices within a region using a stochastic bio-decisional model: Application to irrigated maize in south-western France

Agricultural is a major contributor to environmental resource management problems. Modelling the distribution of agricultural land use to evaluate current situations or scenarios is an important issue for policy-makers and natural resource managers. A promising approach is the use of bio-decisional models based on decision rules. However, at the regional scale, the large number of farmers makes it difficult to identify decision rules, and the diversity of farmers' decisions is rarely considered. To this end, we developed SIMITKO, a spatialised and stochastic bio-decisional model, able to simulate the spatial and temporal variability in farming practices. We focused on the choice of varietal earliness and sowing practices of maize (Zea mays L.) in the Baïse sector (south-western France). Model development was based on statistical analyses of surveys of farmers’ practices to identify their current strategies, the best variables to describe the practices and the probabilities associated with the values of the variables for each strategy. We tested SIMITKO by simulating the dynamics of areas sown with maize. Comparing model predictions of practices to observed data showed generally good predictions of sowing dynamics but less satisfactory predictions of varietal earliness choices. Possible improvements are suggested.     

高校图书馆基于IC的知识管理与虚拟学习社区融合研究

知识管理与虚拟学习具有相关性与互补性,高校图书馆信息共享空间为知识管理与虚拟学习社区的融合创造了有利条件,因此知识管理与虚拟学习社区的融合是可行的,但是面临来自于观念、技术、功能、内容、交互性等方面的障碍。图书馆应尽可能地采用现代信息技术将知识管理系统与虚拟学习社区集成在一个IC内,进而提升自身的服务水平。     

Soil organic carbon stock variability in the Northern Gangetic Plains of India: interaction between agro‐ecological characteristics and cropping systems

Soil organic carbon (SOC) content and its spatial distribution in the Northern Gangetic Plain (NGP) Zone of India were determined to establish the cause–effect relationship between agro‐ecological characteristics, prevailing crop management practices and SOC stock. Area Spread Index (ASI) approach was used to collect soil samples from the NGP areas supporting predominant cropping systems. Exponential ordinary kriging was found most suitable geo‐statistical model for developing SOC surface maps of the NGP. Predicted surface maps indicated that 43.7% area of NGP had 0.5–0.6% SOC, while the rest of the area was equally distributed with high (0.61–0.75%) and low (< 0.5%) SOC content levels. Averaged across cropping systems, maximum SOC content was recorded in Bhabar and Tarai Zone (BTZ), followed by Central Plain Zone (CPZ), Mid‐Western Plain Zone (MWPZ), Western Plain Zone (WPZ) and South‐Western Plain Zone (SWPZ) of the NGP. The SOC stock was above the optimum threshold (> 12.5 Mg/ha) in 97.8, 57.6 and 46.4% areas of BTZ, CPZ and MWPZ, respectively. Only 9.8 and 0.4% area of WPZ and SWPZ, respectively, had SOC stock above the threshold value. The variation in SOC stock was attributed largely to carbon addition through recycling of organic sources, cropping systems, tillage intensity, crop or residue cover and land‐use efficiency, nutrient‐use pattern, soil texture and prevailing ecosystem. Adoption of conservation agriculture, balanced use of nutrients, inclusion of legumes in cropping systems and agro‐forestry were suggested for enhancing SOC stock in the region.     

加强烟农专业合作社建设与管理的思考

通过分析目前国内组建和发展烟农专业合作社的现状以及遇到的主要问题,提出了借鉴国外先进经验、加快土地流转、提高烟农认识、培养内生机制以及综合利用基础设施等措施,以促进烟农专业合作社的发展。     

落叶松油松人工混交林经营技术探讨

通过研究落叶松、油松混交林整个发育过程中不同阶段相应的经营管理措施，总结提出了一套切实可行的落叶松、油松混交林经营管理技术。其技术能有效提高林木生长速率，调整林分结构，优化树种组成，提高木材质量，为落叶松、油松混交林的经营管理提供技术支持。     

Impact of different crop rotations and tillage systems on weed infestation and productivity of bread wheat

Crop rotation and tillage systems have important implications for weed infestation and crop productivity. In this study, five tillage systems viz. zero tillage (ZT), conventional tillage (CT), deep tillage (DT), bed sowing (60/30 cm with four rows; BS₁) and bed sowing (90/45 cm with six rows; BS₂) were evaluated in five different crop rotations viz. fallow-wheat (FW), rice-wheat (RW), cotton-wheat (CW), mungbean-wheat (MW) and sorghum-wheat (SW) for their effect on weed infestation and productivity of bread wheat. Interaction between different tillage practices and cropping systems had significant effect on density and dry biomass of total, broadleaved and grass weeds, agronomic and yield-related traits, and grain yield of bread wheat. The un-disturbed soils (ZT) under fallow-wheat or mungbean-wheat rotations favoured the weed prevalence (a total weed dry biomass of 72.4–109.6 and 105.6–112.1 g m⁻² in first and second year, respectively). Contrary to this, the disturbed soils (CT, DT, BS₁ and BS₂) had less weed infestation with either of the rotations (a total weed biomass of 0.4–7.1 and 1.1–5.4 g m⁻² in first and second year, respectively). Sorghum-wheat rotation had strong suppressive effect on weed infestation in all tillage systems. The impact of crop rotation was more visible during second year of experimentation. Bed sown wheat (BS₁ and BS₂) in mungbean-wheat rotation had the highest wheat grain yield (6.30–6.47 t ha⁻¹) compared to other tillage systems in different crop rotation combinations.     

应用型地方本科院校土地资源管理专业建设研究——以山东建筑大学为例

针对应用型地方本科院校土地资源管理专业就业和人才培养中的问题,以山东建筑大学专业建设为例,分析了地方性高校的特点和土地资源管理专业建设面临的新形势,提出应该从地方性高校特点出发,适应社会需求,创新现有的人才培养模式,推动专业建设的可持续发展。     

浅谈油气管道完整性管理模式

本文基于国内外油气管道完整性管理(PIM)成果的基础，从数据收集和研究、高后果区分析、完整性评估、管道检测与执行、管道维护修复、效能分析等方面进行具体PIM描述，从体系文件、标准规范、系统平台、支持技术、实施应用五个层面构建PIM管理体系框架。