移动式绿篱修剪机设计

针对绿篱修剪机的发展现状,设计开发了一种小型自走式绿篱修剪机,包括动力系统设计和行走装置设计、修剪装置设计,并且利用三维建模软件建立了移动式绿篱修剪机的三维模型。所设计的移动式绿篱修剪机在所查阅的文献中尚未发现有相同机型的报道,属原创型产品。相比现在小型绿篱修剪机以手持式为主的状况,该绿篱修剪机能够有效降低绿篱修剪的劳动强度,提高修剪质量,有比较广阔的市场前景。     

绿色防治储粮害虫的技术措施

根据粮食储藏绿色、环保、安全的要求,探讨在不使用化学药剂的前提下,防治储粮害虫的物理、生物技术,以及技术的作用机理、适用范围、研究应用情况和发展趋势,以期为绿色防治储粮害虫提供技术参考。     

紫云英绿肥盛花期埋切翻压组合作业机设计与试验

为实现紫云英绿肥规模化种植区域的绿肥高效、低耗机械化翻压,基于前端埋切、后端翻压的结构配置思路,设计了一种无动力输入的紫云英绿肥盛花期埋切翻压组合作业机。对盛花期紫云英生物学特征及压切特性开展研究,进而设计了辊筒组件、前悬挂连接组件、栅条式翻转犁等主要工作部件;通过理论计算和力学分析,得到实现紫云英茎秆顺畅埋切的压切辊半径为305 mm、压切刀滑切角范围为34. 3°～55. 7°;采用水平直元线法设计了栅条式犁体曲面,推导得到导曲线抛物线方程,并绘制了犁体直元线角变化规律图。紫云英绿肥盛花期田间翻压试验结果表明:在机具作业速度为5. 8～6. 0 km/h条件下,茎秆切断长度合格率92%,耕宽稳定性变异系数3. 7%,耕深稳定性变异系数5. 6%,土垡破碎率85. 6%,植被翻压覆盖率98. 3%,试验指标均符合国家和行业标准要求。设计的埋切翻压组合作业机工作效率可达0. 67～1. 20 hm2/h,在翻压质量和组配方式上明显优于目前我国常用的畜力犁、铧式犁、旋耕机等翻压方式,具有很好的推广应用价值。     

Effects of Green Manures and Zinc Fertilizer Sources on DTPA-Extractable Zinc in Soil and Zinc Content in Basmati Rice Plants at Different Growth Stages

Rice is very sensitive to low zinc(Zn) supply in submerged paddy soils and Zn deficiency is one of the major limiting factors in determining rice production in India. A field experiment was conducted during the summer-rainy seasons of 2009 and 2010 at the research farm of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, to determine the effects of summer green manure crops and Zn fertilizers on diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid(DTPA)-extractable(available) Zn concentration in soil and total Zn content in Basmati rice cultivar Pusa Basmati 1 at periodic intervals. Summer green manure crops included Sesbania aculeata(Dhaincha),Crotalaria juncea(Sunhemp), and Vigna unguiculata(Cowpea) and the Zn fertilizers used were ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid(EDTA)-chelated Zn, ZnSO_4·7H_2O, ZnSO_4·H_2O, ZnO, and ZnSO_4·7H_2O + ZnO. Beneficial effects of summer green manure crops and Zn fertilizers on DTPA-extractable Zn concentration in soil and total Zn content in dry matter of Basmati rice at periodic intervals were observed, with significant increases in all the determined parameters, in comparison with those in the control(no Zn application or summer fallow). The rate of increase varied among summer green manure crops and Zn fertilizers during both years. Among the summer green manures, incorporation of S. aculeata led to a significant increase in mean Zn content in Basmati rice grain and straw when compared with C. juncea, V. unguiculata, and summer fallow treatments. Among the Zn fertilizers, significant increases in Zn content in Basmati rice dry matter and DTPA-extractable Zn concentration in soil during various growth stages of the plant were recorded with EDTA-chelated Zn application, followed by the application of ZnSO_4·7H_2O, ZnSO_4·H_2O, ZnSO_4·7H_2O + ZnO, ZnO,and no Zn. The highest mean Zn content in Basmati rice grain and straw was recorded with EDTA-chelated Zn application in 2009 and 2010, respectively. The application of ZnSO_4·7H_2O was the second best treatment after EDTA-chelated Zn; however, it was statistically inferior to EDTA-chelated Zn. The lowest values were recorded with the control(no Zn application) during both years of study. The amount of Zn concentration in soil was found to be significantly positively correlated with the Zn content in Basmati rice dry matter during both years. Significantly higher levels of residual fertility in soil after the harvest of Basmati rice were observed with application of EDTA-chelated Zn and incorporation of S. aculeata when compared with those of other Zn sources and summer green manures.     

Diallel study of open-pollinated maize varieties in Trinidad

Summary In Trinidad, maize (Zea mays L.) is primarily harvested in the immature stage as green ears for human consumption. The purchase of popular imported hybrid seed has become a substantial component of the economic inputs of maize production. The objectives of this study were to investigate combining abilities and heterotic patterns among available open-pollinated varieties and to assess correlations among five important traits: time to silking, plant height, grain yield, ear size, and marketable ears per hectare. General combining ability was significant for all traits. Specific combining ability was significant for all traits except ear size. Three intervarietal crosses showed moderate levels of heterosis (10–27%), and several yielded similarly to the control hybrids, Pioneer X304 and Pioneer 3078. The cross Acid Soil Tolerant 1991 SA-3 X ICTA Farm Corn was selected as the most suitable base population for mass selection. Phenotypic and genotypic correlations among the five traits studied were all positive and significant. Populations which flowered early were shorter and yielded less than the late flowering and taller populations and population crosses included in this study.     

Effect of Catch Cropping on Phosphorus Bioavailability in Comparison to Organic and Inorganic Fertilization

ABSTRACT

Phosphorus (P) is a limited resource and its efficient use is a main task in sustainable agriculture. In a 3-year field experiment the effects of catch cropping [oil radish (Raphanus sativus), buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), serradella (Ornithopus sativus), ryegrass (Lolium westerwoldicum), and phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia)] of organic fertilization (cattle manure and biowaste compost) and of inorganic fertilization (Triple-Superphosphate) on plant and soil parameters were investigated on a P-poor loamy sand in Northeast Germany. The catch crops were sown in September and remained on the plots until next spring. Then the main crops oilseed rape (Brassica napus), spring barley (Hordeum vulgare), or spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) were cultivated. The yield and P uptake of the main crops were determined. Furthermore, in the soil the organic matter content, pH, phosphorus (P) in soil solution (Psol), double-lactate and oxalate P content, P sorption capacity, and degree of P saturation were measured. All applied forms of fertilizer affected the P contents in soil and the yields and P uptakes of main crops. For green fertilization especially phacelia was found to contribute to the P supply of the main crops, since it increased the P uptake as well as the P contents in soil significantly. The cultivation of ryegrass led to a reduction of the P availability in soil. For example, in average of the three years the Psol content was 0.35 mg L^{? 1}when phacelia was cultivated and 0.22 mg L^{? 1} when ryegrass was cultivated. The cultivation of phacelia had a comparable effect on soil and plant parameters as the organic and mineral fertilization. An improved P availability and P utilization by catch cropping can reduce the need for external P input which may help to save the limited P resources worldwide.     

苏南稻田4种冬绿肥养分特性及对翻压前土壤无机氮的影响

为充分利用苏南冬闲稻田发展适宜绿肥作物种植,在大田试验条件下,研究了毛叶苕子（Vicia villosa Roth）、 光叶苕子（Vicia villosa var.）、 紫云英（Astragalus sinicus L.）和肥田萝卜（Raphanus sativus L.）4种绿肥作物的生长、 营养特性,比较分析了绿肥作物翻压前不同处理间耕层土壤无机氮含量与构成的差异。结果表明,在绿肥作物翻压期,4种绿肥作物均达到较高生物量和养分累积量,鲜重、 干重分别为24.8 30.7 t/hm2和3.6 4.2 t/hm2,不同绿肥作物间无显著差异。 4种绿肥作物的吸氮量为69.8 136.4 kg/hm2,毛叶苕子最高,肥田萝卜最低。吸磷量为7.1~11.3 kg/hm2,肥田萝卜最高,紫云英最低。吸钾量为117.6~151.3 kg/hm2,毛叶苕子最高,光叶苕子最低。与对照冬闲相比,种植绿肥作物不同程度地降低了耕层土壤无机氮含量（平均降低38.9 kg/hm2）,其中硝态氮含量下降明显,铵态氮含量均较对照土壤有增加趋势（平均提高6.5 kg/hm2）,毛叶苕子和光叶苕子处理铵态氮含量增加显著。4种绿肥作物均适合苏南冬闲稻田种植,能潜在降低无机氮的损失风险和为后季水稻作物生长提供养分。     

绿色设计概念的扩展一面向生活方式的设计理论

绿色设计（Green design，GD）是近几年设计领域研究的热门话题，它是可持续发展的必然要求，可为解决人-机-环境关系协调提供系统的设计方法。目前，对绿色设计理论的研究，国内外研究主要集中在绿色技术方面，以解决机（产品）-环境的关系，而对于人在整个人-机-环境关系的全面协调研究较少。为此，在绿色设计理论研究的基础上，从人-机-环境协调角度提出了“面向生活方式”的设计思想来进一步完善绿色设计理论，从“研究生活方式”方面对绿色设计的概念进一步扩展，并讨论了传统设计和绿色设计的主要区别。     

日光温室彩椒主要病虫害绿色防控技术

病虫害防治是日光温室彩椒栽培的关键环节之一。介绍日光温室彩椒的主要病虫害及其综合防治策略,从农业防治、生物防治、物理防治、化学防治方面阐述彩椒病虫害绿色防控主要技术措施,以期为做好日光温室彩椒的病虫害防控提供参考。     

绿色车辆及其评价体系研究

绿色车辆是汽车技术不断发展的必然产物,绿色汽车是环境保护的迫切要求,是汽车工业可持续发展的需要。探讨了绿色车辆的内涵及其评价指标体系的研究,指出了今后的研究方向。