Seasonal Changes of Mineral Nutrients in Fruit and Leaves of ‘Newhall’ and ‘Skagg's Bonanza’ Navel Oranges

In southern Jiangxi province of China, ‘Newhall’(Citrus sinensis Osbeck) navel orange presented a conspicuous symptom of boron (B) deficiency in mature leaves, whereas B deficiency symptoms were not manifested on ‘Skagg's Bonanza’(C. sinensis Osbeck) navel orange. In this study, changes in concentrations of B, calcium (Ca), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) were comparatively investigated in the structural parts of the fruit (rind and pulp) and leaves (old leaves from last season and spring-flush leaves from current year) of ‘Newhall’ and ‘Skagg's Bonanza’ navel orange during the growing season. Two peaks of B concentrations were observed in the rind of the two cultivars during fruitlet growth and fruit enlargement, respectively. Boron concentrations were relatively high in the rind during fruitlet growth, and then decreased in both rind and pulp, whereas, during middle and late fruit enlargement significant increases were found for B in both rind and pulp of the two cultivars. Boron concentrations in old leaves of ‘Newhall’ decreased progressively and remained relatively low, whereas that of ‘Skagg's Bonanza’ was relatively high and changed slightly as the season progresses. Both Ca and K concentrations were above the critical threshold values, while their dynamics were reverse to that of B in fruit and leaves during certain times. Old leaf Mg concentrations of samples at 140 days after full bloom from the two cultivars and spring-flush leaves from ‘Newhall’ were below the threshold limit for sufficiency. In addition, Mg in old leaves was much lower from ‘Newhall’ than from ‘Skagg's Bonanza’. Spring-flush leaf concentrations of Mn and Zn and Mn concentrations in old leaves from ‘Newhall’ were relatively lacking during middle and late season, which accelerated the occurrence of B deficiency symptoms on mature leaves of ‘Newhall.’     

Effects of glucose and Mg2+ in the neurons damaged by glutamate

AIM and METHODS: To observe the effects of glucose-free and Mg²⁺-free in the extracellular fluid on the changes of [Ca ²⁺]_i in the cerebro-cortical neurons damaged by 1mmol/L glutamate using laser confocal scanning microscope. RESULTS: Both frequency and amplitude of neuronal calcium oscillation induced by glutamate were lowered in glucose-free and Mg²⁺-free buffers. The basic [Ca²⁺]_i concentration was lowered in the former case , but it was elevated in the latter case. CONCLUSION: Mg²⁺-free aggravates [Ca²⁺]_i overload induced by 1mmol/L glutamate ,under certain conditions the glucose-free might resist damage role of glutamate and Mg²⁺-free.     

日粮镁对肉仔鸡腿肌中活性氧产量的影响

本试验目的是研究日粮镁水平对肉仔鸡腿肌中活性氧(reactive oxygen species , ROS)产量的影响。96只AA肉仔鸡随机分配到低镁日粮组和对照组,每组6个重复,每个重复8只鸡,分别喂以镁含量1 .2 g/kg或2 .4 g/kg的日粮。与对照组相比,低镁组肉仔鸡腿肌中谷胱甘肽(glutathione , GSH)的含量降低了27 %(P<0 .01) ,丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)的含量提高了40 %(P<0 .01)。采食低镁日粮的肉仔鸡腿肌匀浆液的ROS信号峰的高度显著高于对照组(P<0 .01)。对照组腿肌镁的浓度(30 .27 mg/kg)显著高于低镁组腿肌镁的浓度(27 .40 mg/kg)。腿肌中铁、钙的含量在两组之间差异不显著(P>0 .05)。与对照组相比,低镁组腿肌线粒体复合酶Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ的活性分别提高了28 %、23 %(P<0 .01)、35 %(P<0 .01)和30 %,线粒体复合酶Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ的活性与ROS产量之间呈显著的负相关关系(P<0 .05)。除C18∶2的含量显著高于对照组外,其他多不饱和脂肪酸含量在两组之间没有差异。本试验结果表明低镁日粮实质性地提高肉仔鸡腿肌中ROS的产量,低镁日粮降低腿肌中镁的浓度,诱导了线粒体呼吸链酶活性升高,从而提高了ROS的产量。     

菜心的土壤钙、镁营养诊断指标及施肥效应研究

在不同地方,不同钙、镁含量水平的菜园土壤进行菜心钙、镁肥田间试验。根据20个试验点的钙肥试验和15个试验点的镁肥试验结果,分别建立菜心相对产量与土壤交换性钙、镁含量的回归方程。研究结果表明:菜心产量与土壤交换性钙、镁含量分别呈抛物线相关;在质地为中壤土的菜田上种植菜心,土壤交换性钙的适宜含量为4.26￣9.60cmolL-1,交换性镁的适宜含量为2.01￣2.31cmolL-1;在参试的所有菜田中,施钙肥增产显著的菜田占50%,增产率为0.65￣33.8%;施镁肥增产显著的菜田占47%,增产率为-1.6%￣34.7%。     

饲粮短期高剂量添加天冬氨酸镁对猪肉品质的影响

本试验研究了在基础日粮中短期添加不同水平的天冬氨酸镁对猪肉品质的影响。试验共分4个处理,每个处理6头猪。处理组镁(天冬氨酸镁)的添加水平分别为0、1 500、2 500和3 500 mg/kg。结果表明:屠宰前7 d饲粮添加天冬氨酸镁提高了猪肉品质,背最长肌肉中镁的含量分别比对照组提高了10.35%(P<0.05)、16.83%和18.61%(P<0.01),血清中镁的浓度分别比对照组增加了14.29%、27.14%和34.29%(P<0.01);显著提高了猪肉的初始pH(6.16~6.50)和最终pH(5.61~5.75)(P<0.05);对肉色评分改善显著(P<0.05);显著降低了滴水损失(P<0.05);但对猪的屠宰率、瘦肉率、背膘厚、眼肌厚度和肌肉中胶原蛋白含量等无显著影响(P>0.05)。回归分析结果表明:当镁的添加量在2 500~3 200 mg/kg时,对pH、滴水损失和肉色的改善作用达到最大,此时血清和肌肉中镁的含量约为0.90 mmol/L和241 mg/kg。     

钙镁对甜瓜椰糠半基质栽培的影响

为了探索椰糠半基质条件下,钙镁肥对甜瓜产量、品质的影响,确定钙镁肥施用的必要性,配制不同钙镁含量的肥料进行比较。结果显示,不同钙镁含量的肥料与不含钙镁的肥料相比,产量、品质没有差异。在土壤水溶性钙1197.1mg?kg-1,水溶性镁690.8 mg?kg-1,灌溉水钙含量68.0 mg?kg-1,镁含量22.7 mg?kg-1的条件下,能为甜瓜椰糠半基质栽培提供足够的钙镁营养。这对简化施肥设施,减轻投入成本,加速该模式在中小企业及个体种植户中推广有较大的现实意义。     

Comparison of 2 methods for establishing rat model of chronic osmotic diarrhea

AIM: To compare 2 different rat models of chronic osmotic diarrhea with the lactose enrichment and magnesium citrate methods. METHODS: The SD rats (n=31) were randomly divided into lactose enrichment diarrhea group (Lac group, 12 rats), magnesium citrate diarrhea group (Mg group, 12 rats) and normal control group (Con group, 7 rats). The rats in Lac group were fed with a lactose enrichment diet and freely drank water. The rats in Mg group were fed with a standard diet and drank magnesium citrate solution. The Con group was fed with a standard diet and normal water. The general conditions and the characteristics of stool were observed every day. The grip strength and motor activity of the rats were measured after diarrhea for 14 d. The trans-epithelial resistance of the colonic mucosa was detected by Ussing chamber. The pathological changes of villus height and villus surface area in the intestine were observed with hemato-xylin-eosin staining. RESULTS: The rats in both diarrhea groups displayed the clinical manifestations of slow increase in body weight, spare and dull hair, lacking in strength and physical inactivity. The grip strength and motor activity of the rats in both diarrhea groups decreased significantly compared with Con group. The diarrhea rate and diarrhea index of the rats in the 2 diarrhea groups were both significantly higher than those in Con group (P<0.05). Moreover, the diarrhea index in Lac group was significantly increased compared with Mg group. The thickness of intestinal mucosa in Lac group was thinner than that in Mg group at the same time. However, the damage of intestinal villi in Mg group was more serious than that in Lac group.CONCLUSION: Both methods of lactose enrichment-induced diarrhea and magnesium citrate-induced diarrhea meet the requirement of chronic osmotic diarrhea, but there are different advantages between the diarrhea models. Therefore, we should select the correct diarrhea model to meet different aims of the experiments.     

The Magnesium Status of Some Fiji Soils

Abstract

Magnesium (Mg) is an essential macronutrient element for all living organisms, but literature reports of Mg deficiency in agriculture and forestry appear regularly. In many tropical areas, Mg is added to soils by using dolomitic limestone and as minor additions through impurities in some fertilizers. Minimal information is available on the Mg status of Fiji soils, and deficiencies have been observed in some crops. This study investigated the Mg status of a range of Fiji soils and found that major agricultural soils of Fiji contain variable amounts of Mg, both in the total concentrations and in the different forms of the element present. The variations can be related to the soil parent materials, degree of weathering, clay content, and mineralogy. Low plant‐available Mg concentrations are present in many of the highly weathered soils with limited reserves present. Development of intensive agriculture should consider Mg when developing fertilizer programs.     

Effects of magnesium on the performance of sows and their piglets

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplemental magnesium (Mg) on the performance of gilts and parity 3 sows and their piglets. Fifty-six gilts (Trial 1) and 56 sows (Trial 2) were assigned to one of 4 treatments according to their mating weight, respectively. The treatments comprised corn-soybean meal based gestation and lactation diets (0.21% magnesium) supplemented with 0, 0.015, 0.03, or 0.045% Mg from mating until weaning. The results showed that magnesium supplementation significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the weaning to estrus interval in both gilts and sows. There were significant effects (P < 0.05) of supplemental magnesium on the total number of piglets born, born alive and weaned in sows. In late gestation and lactation, the digestibility of crude fiber (quadratic effects, P < 0.05), and crude protein (P < 0.05), were significantly influenced by magnesium in gilts and sows, respectively. There were differences among the 4 groups in terms of the apparent digestibility of dry matter and crude fiber in sows (P < 0.05) during both early and late gestation. The apparent digestibility of gross energy was increased for sows in late gestation (P < 0.05), and lactation (quadratic effects, P < 0.05). At farrowing and weaning, serum prolactin levels and alkaline phosphate activities linearly increased in sows as the Mg supplementation increased (P < 0.05). Serum Mg of sows at farrowing and serum urea nitrogen of sows at weaning was significantly influenced by Mg supplementation (P < 0.05). The Mg concentration in sow colostrum and the serum of their piglets were increased by supplemental magnesium (P < 0.05). In addition, growth hormone levels were linearly elevated (P < 0.05) in the serum of piglets suckling sows. Our data demonstrated that supplemental magnesium has the potential to improve the reproduction performance of sows, and the suitable supplemental dose ranged from 0.015% to 0.03%.     

滴灌条件下施镁的生物有效性及其移动分布

[目的]以番茄为供试植物,探讨在赤红壤中滴灌施肥条件下镁对作物生长的影响以及滴施镁肥后镁在土壤中水平方向和垂直方向上的移动规律.[方法]以硫酸镁为镁源,通过滴灌系统施入,设3个不同用量处理,在不同的生长时期测定.[结果]随着施镁量（0～6g/盆）的增加,与CK相比,施用镁肥能增加植株的干重和果实的鲜重,而滴施镁肥各处理的番茄株高增加33.69％～37.19％,其中D6-4处理（施镁量4g/盆）植株干重增加28.55％,达到0.05水平显著差异.在整个生长期滴施镁肥各处理的相对叶绿素和植株叶片含镁量都能保持在较高的水平.在生长中后期,随着滴施镁肥量的增加,滴施镁肥各处理的植株叶片含镁量增加31.0％ ～ 101.6％,与CK相比达到0.05显著水平.土柱模拟滴施硫酸镁试验结果表明,滴施3个浓度水平的硫酸镁后,土层交换性镁含量在水平方向上都呈先递减后递增的趋势,在10～ 15 cm土层镁含量达到最低,其后在15 cm以下的土层中镁含量逐渐升高;而在垂直方向上都呈先急剧减少然后缓慢增加的趋势,其中在0～5、5 ～ 10 cm土层中交换性镁含量的下降幅度较大,在10 cm以下土层中交换性镁含量变化趋于平缓.[结论]与不施镁肥处理相比,施用镁肥能促进番茄的生长.滴施不同浓度的镁肥,土层交换性镁含量在水平方向上呈先递减后递增的趋势,在垂直方向上呈先急剧减少然后缓慢增加的趋势.