凡纳滨对虾养殖池塘及外河道中后生浮游动物群落结构差异及其影响因素

为了解凡纳滨对虾养殖对池塘后生浮游动物群落结构的影响,于2021年5月上旬至10月上旬在上海市奉贤区某养殖场及其外河道进行了16次调查,分析了后生浮游动物的物种组成及优势种、密度、生物量和生物多样性。共鉴定出后生浮游动物33种(轮虫23种、枝角类6种、桡足类4种),优势种6种(轮虫4种、枝角类1种、桡足类1种),其中针簇多肢轮虫(Polyarthra trigla)和广布中剑水蚤(Mesocyclops leuckarti)为养殖塘和外河道共同优势种。Jaccard相似性分析表明,养殖塘与外河道后生浮游动物物种组成整体上处于中等相似水平。总体上养殖塘后生浮游动物密度、生物量、优势种数和多样性指数均高于外河道。养殖塘和外河道中Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H’均值分别为1.56±0.48和1.55±0.34,表现为中度污染;Gleason-Margalef物种丰富度指数D均值分别为0.81±0.32和0.76±0.33,表现为重度污染;养殖塘总体处于中度富营养水平,外河道水体则处于轻度富营养水平。Pearson相关性分析表明,养殖塘后生浮游动物群落结构与水温(WT)、总氮(TN)...     

Ammonia tolerance of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) larvae

The tolerance of Litopenaeus vannamei larvae to increasing concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) using a short‐term static renewal method at 26°C, 34 g L^?1 salinity and pH 8.5 was assessed. The median lethal concentration (24 h LC₅₀) for TAN in zoea (1‐2‐3), mysis (1‐2‐3) and postlarvae 1 were, respectively, 4.2‐9.9‐16.0; 19.0‐17.3‐17.5 and 13.2 mg L^?1TAN (0.6‐1.5‐2.4; 2.8‐2.5‐2.6 and 1.9 mg L^?1 NH₃‐N). The LC₅₀ values obtained in this study suggest that zoeal and post‐larval stages are more sensitive to 24 h ammonia exposure than the mysis stage of L. vannamei larvae. On the basis of the ammonia toxicity level (24 h LC₅₀) at zoea 1, we recommend that this level does not exceed 0.42 mg L^?1 TAN – equivalent to 0.06 mg L^?1 NH₃‐N – to reduce ammonia toxicity during the rearing of L. vannamei larvae.     

饲料中添加谷胱甘肽对凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺抗氧化指标和脂质过氧化物含量的影响

采用1种对照饲料和5种添加不同水平还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）（添加量分别为60、120、180、240和300 mg·kg-1）的试验饲料,饲喂初始体重约为1.12 g的凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeus vannamei）,分别命名为G0、G60、G120、G180、G240和G300组,经8周饲养后,观察饲料中不同浓度的GSH对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、肝胰腺抗氧化指标和脂质过氧化物含量的影响。结果表明,南美白对虾的增重率随着饲料中GSH添加量的增加而增加,在G180组达到高峰,但随着GSH添加量的进一步增加,增重率呈下降趋势（P<0.05）;饲料转化率随饲料中GSH添加量的升高而显著升高,在G240组达到最高（P<0.05）;成活率随饲料中GSH添加量的增加而显著提高,提高幅度为8.53%~31.69%。饲料中添加GSH能不同程度地提高凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺中抗氧化酶活力（P<0.05）,其中G60、G120组的谷胱甘肽还原酶,G120、G180和G300组的超氧化物歧化酶,G120、G180和G240组的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活力,分别显著高于对照组G0（P<0.05）。各试验组肝胰腺中GSH含量和总抗氧化能力比对照组G0分别提高了8.93%~52.57%和3.02%~37.03%,且呈剂量――效应关系。对虾肝胰腺中的活性氧含量随着日粮中GSH添加量的增加呈现下降的趋势,其中G180、G240组显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;与对照组相比,试验各组肝胰腺丙二醛含量显著降低（P<0.05）,抗O2-能力升高,在G120、G180、G240和G300组达到显著水平（P<0.05）。研究结果初步表明,饲料中添加一定量的GSH能提高凡纳滨对虾生长性能和肝胰腺抗氧化能力并降低脂质过氧化物含量。表4参18     

凡纳滨对虾亲虾繁殖期间适宜投喂频率的研究

在饱食投喂条件下,选用鲜活饵料沙蚕(Nereis succinea)对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)亲虾进行营养强化培育60 d,通过比较不同的投喂频率2次/d(F2组)、3次/d(F3组)、4次/d(F4组)对亲虾摄食、生长、繁殖性能、虾体组成和肝胰腺的消化酶活力的影响,旨在探究亲虾繁殖期间营养强化的最适投喂频率。结果显示,随着投喂频率的增加,亲虾的日摄食量逐渐增大,F2组显著低于F4组(P0.05),但与F3组差异不显著(P0.05);亲虾的增重率和体长增长率呈先升高后降低的趋势,但无显著性差异(P0.05)。不同的投喂频率对各组亲虾的单次产卵量、相对产卵量、无节幼体I期个体数、无节幼体孵化率、蚤状幼体I期个体数、无节幼体变态率、性腺指数、初产时间和产卵间期均无显著影响(P0.05)。亲虾全虾主要体组成分水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、灰分含量也不受投喂频率增加的影响(P0.05);F2组的胰蛋白酶和脂肪酶活力显著低于F3、F4组(P0.05),而不同实验组的胃蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力无显著性差异(P0.05)。结合本研究的结果和生产实际情况,建议在饱食投喂条件下,凡纳滨对虾亲虾繁殖期间营养强化的适宜投喂频率为2次/d。     

Effect of Diet Size on Feeding Behavior and Growth of Pacific White Shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei

Abstract

Six diet sizes, manufactured from crumbling large pellets, were investigated for their effect on the feeding behavior and growth of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. These diets containing 44.7% protein and 8.2% lipid were fed to 0.9 g shrimp for a period of eight weeks under indoor controlled laboratory conditions. Shrimp were stocked at a density of 12 animals per 52 L aquarium (50/m²) and were evaluated for feeding behavior, final weight, growth rate, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and survival. Feeding behavior was observed weekly starting at the beginning of the 4th week until the end of the trial. Results indicated that the variation in diet sizes did not produce significant differences in shrimp growth, FCR or survival. However, shrimp feeding behavior (in terms of total attacking incidents during feeding) was significantly different among diet sizes. This shrimp behavior was observed more frequently in aquaria fed larger diet size (3.0 mm pellet) as compared with those fed smaller diet sizes (0.7 mm and 1.2 mm crumbles). When shrimp were fed larger pellets, some of the individuals obstruct other individuals and monopolize the diet. Such “selfish” behavior of shrimp could result in considerable size variation and severe mortality of smaller individuals, which could be the case when shrimp are reared to market size. The effect of diet size on shrimp feeding behavior deserves further investigation and the use of a continuous monitoring device such as a video camera is strongly recommended. Future study should also consider various shrimp and pellet sizes more meaningful to aquaculture producers.     

Virulence and genotypes of white spot syndrome virus infecting Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in north‐western Mexico

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) has caused substantial global economic impact on aquaculture, and it has been determined that strains can vary in virulence. In this study, the effect of viral load was evaluated by infecting Litopenaeus vannamei with 10‐fold serial dilution of tissue infected with strain WSSV Mx‐H, and the virulence of four WSSV strains from north‐western Mexico was assessed along with their variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) genotypes in ORF75, ORF94 and ORF125. The LD₅₀ of the Mx‐H strain was a dilution dose of 10^?7.5; the mortality titre was 10^9.2 LD₅₀ per gram. In shrimp injected with 10^2.5 to 10^6.5 LD₅₀, no significant virulence differences were evident. Using mortality data, the four WSSV strains grouped into three virulence levels. The Mx‐F strain (intermediate virulence) and the Mx‐C strain (high virulence) showed more genetic differences than those observed between the Mx‐G (low‐virulence) and Mx‐H (high‐virulence) strains, in ORF94 and ORF125. The application of high‐viral‐load inocula proved useful in determining the different virulence phenotypes of the WSSV strains from the Eastern Pacific.     

细角滨对虾全人工繁育技术试验

通过对细角滨对虾的人工繁育试验,总结其人工繁殖和幼体培育技术;阐述了亲虾培育、暂养促熟,育苗水质管理及生产中的操作方法;讨论了细角滨对虾的繁殖特点,水环境与亲虾繁殖的关系,实行生态育苗的必要性等。     

凡纳滨对虾免疫指标变化与其养殖环境理化因子的关系

选择两口凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei养殖土池（305#、301#池）,每隔14 d定期采集一次养殖对虾和水样,检测对虾血清、肝胰脏和肌肉组织中酚氧化酶（PO）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、碱性磷酸酶（AKP）、酸性磷酸酶（ACP）的活力和抗菌活力（Ua）等免疫指标,以及水温、溶解氧（DO）等环境因子,探讨了养殖对虾免疫指标与环境因子的相关关系。结果表明：凡纳滨对虾各组织中免疫指标随亚硝酸盐氮、总氨氮等浓度的转变有很明显变化,301#池塘水体中总氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮由高于305#池转变为低于305#池,其养殖对虾体内各组织的免疫指标由低于305#池转变为高于305#池。表明在检测的养殖池塘理化因子中,总氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮是影响养殖对虾免疫指标最主要的因子,因此,养殖过程中应加以严格控制,以提高对虾的免疫力和抗病力。     

海水和饲料中Pb在凡纳滨对虾体内的富集与释放特性

为获知海水和饲料中重金属Pb与凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)各组织间的富集与释放特性,应用生物富集双箱动力学模型,模拟凡纳滨对虾分别在海水中Pb浓度为0.0015 mg/L(B0)、0.0080 mg/L(B1)、0.0466 mg/L(B2)和0.2302 mg/L(B3),饲料中Pb浓度为2.089 mg/kg(A0)、2.750 mg/kg(A1)、6.103 mg/kg(A2)和14.520 mg/kg(A3)的驯养过程中,其肝胰腺、外骨骼和肌肉对Pb的生物富集与释放特性,为Pb在凡纳滨对虾体内的分布、富集和迁移提供理论依据,为其安全生产提供指导意义。同时通过非线性拟合得到凡纳滨对虾对海水和饲料中Pb的富集速率常数K1、排出速率常数K2、生物富集系数BCF、生物半衰期B_(1/2),富集平衡时生物体内Pb含量CAmax等动力学参数。结果显示:(1)投喂任一浓度饲料时,B0、B1、B2组凡纳滨对虾肌肉、外骨骼和肝胰腺组织中Pb含量均小于限量值0.5 mg/kg,而在B3海水浓度中,随着投喂饲料浓度的增大,各组织中Pb累积量高于限量值(0.5 mg/kg)的时间出现得越来越早;肝胰腺中Pb的释放速率高于肌肉和外骨骼的释放速率。(2)用SPSS18.0对饲料Pb含量、海水浓度、富集时间进行三因素重复测量方差分析显示,饲料浓度、海水浓度和富集时间对凡纳滨对虾各组织中Pb的富集含量出现显著性差异[除了饲料浓度对凡纳滨对虾外骨骼组织中Pb富集主效应达到边缘显著(F=2.351,P=0.071)],且饲料、海水及时间交互效应分析显示,三者交互作用显著。(3)用SPSS18.0对不同组织中Pb的富集含量、饲料浓度、海水浓度和富集时间进行多元回归分析,结果显示:在凡纳滨对虾各组织间Pb富集过程中,海水中Pb浓度的贡献率大于饲料中Pb浓度的贡献率。(4)达到平衡状态下,投喂A0饲料浓度,生长在B0~B3组海水中,凡纳滨对虾肌肉组织中Pb含量为0.128~2.981 mg/kg,肝胰腺组织中Pb含量为0.399~4.765 mg/kg;生物学半衰期(B_(1/2))范围分别为5~7 d和3~7 d。投喂A2饲料浓度,生长在B0~B3组海水中,凡纳滨对虾肌肉组织中Pb含量为0.380~1.000 mg/kg,肝胰腺组织中Pb含量为0.288~5.355 mg/kg;生物学半衰期(B_(1/2))范围分别为2~7 d和2~5 d。理论平衡浓度下,肝胰腺组织中含量均大于肌肉。     

芽孢杆菌胞外产物对凡纳滨对虾蛋白酶活性影响的体外试验

用半透膜法收集地衣芽孢杆菌Bacillus licheniformis De株的胞外产物(Extracellular products, ECP),以匀浆离心法提取凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei的肝胰腺和肠道消化酶,将ECP和对虾消化酶提取液按1:9(体积比)混合,研究不同温度、pH条件下ECP对对虾蛋白酶活性的影响.结果表明:在不同温度、pH条件下,试验组与对照组没有显著性差异(P＞0.05),即地衣芽孢杆菌ECP在体外条件下对对虾蛋白酶活性没有显著性影响;且试验组中芽孢杆菌ECP的添加量与其蛋白酶活性呈负相关.