Variation of Phyllosphere Microflora of Different Rice Varieties in Sri Lanka and its Relationship to Leaf Anatomical and Physiological Characters

Anatomical and physiological characters of the leaf surface and its physico‐chemical environment substantially influence the density and diversity of phyllosphere‐inhabiting microorganisms, which may include natural antagonists of important pathogens. The objective of this investigation was to quantify the phyllosphere (i.e. leaf surface) microbial population in a range of rice varieties grown in Sri Lanka and to identify the leaf anatomical and physiological characters that determine the density and diversity of phyllosphere microbes. Fifteen rice varieties including both traditional and new high‐yielding varieties were used in a planthouse experiment and a field experiment in two consecutive seasons to quantify the phyllosphere microbial population and measure leaf characters that may influence it. There were highly significant intervarietal variations in the density and diversity of epiphytic bacterial, fungal and total microbial populations under both planthouse and field conditions. However, there was no difference between traditional and new, high‐yielding varieties in their capacity to harbour epiphytic microbes in the phyllosphere. Total microbial density (TMD) under both conditions showed positive correlations with leaf hair density, stomatal density and transpiration rate. Under planthouse conditions, TMD was also positively correlated with leaf hair length and negatively correlated with leaf temperature. These correlations can be explained in terms of providing favourable microsites on the phylloplane for epiphytic microbial growth.     

北京地区杂交油葵适宜密度、水分管理、除草剂试验研究

研究表明：在北京地区夏播的条件下，杂交油葵适宜密度一般为52500株／hm^2，适宜的除草剂为33％除草通（施田补）乳油2250～3300mL／hm^2对水375～450kg／hm^2喷洒地面。油葵种植应保证底墒水和现蕾水充足，有利于北京地区杂交油葵的生长，提高产量。     

种植密度对两种穗型冬小麦品种干物质和氮素积累、运转及产量的影响

在大田试验条件下,研究了不同种植密度对两种穗型冬小麦品种干物质和氮素积累、运转及其籽粒产量的影响.结果表明,两种穗型冬小麦品种花前植株干物质及贮藏氮素运转量均以适宜的低密度处理表现较高,其中干物质运转量以茎鞘最高,氮素运转量以叶片最高;花后植株干物质及贮藏氮素运转量两品种间表现不一致,大穗型品种兰考矮早八花后干物质及贮藏氮素运转量以最低密度的C1(300万株/hm2)处理最高,多穗型品种豫麦49-198则以较高密度的B3(225万株/hm2)处理最高;干物质对籽粒贡献率花前两品种均以较低密度处理表现较高,花后则以较高密度处理表现较高;贮藏氮素对籽粒氮素贡献率兰考矮早八花前以中间密度处理表现较高,豫麦49-198则仍以较低密度处理较高.成熟期兰考矮早八籽粒产量、淀粉产量及蛋白质产量均以C2(375万株/hm2)密度处理最高,豫麦49-198则以B2(150万株/hm2)处理最高.     

耐密型玉米育种相关问题的思考

玉米种植密度逐步提高不仅是玉米产量不断提高的主要途径,也是育种中提高选择效果的重要手段。本文结合我国玉米生产和育种的实际情况,对耐密型玉米品种选育的育种目标、种质选择、自交系选育技术和杂交种鉴定技术进行了探讨。     

防治松褐天牛诱木设置密度及胸径大小试验

研究了三种不同规格胸径的诱木在每公顷设置1、3、5和10株诱木的林分内诱集松褐天牛的效果,采用在林内均匀挂设诱捕器作对照,同一面积内设置不同密度和不同胸径的诱木作对比试验,观察记录诱捕器诱捕成虫和诱木诱集幼虫的情况,分析总结了不同密度下的三种胸径诱木的诱集幼虫效果,提出了按胸径5-15cm和每公顷3株的密度设置诱木防治松材线虫病的传媒昆虫松褐天牛效果最佳。     

不同栽植密度杂交稻分蘖成穗规律及其穗部性状研究

（河南信阳市农业科学研究所,河南信阳 464000）     

Influence of felling season,drying method and within-tree location on the brinell hardness and equilibrium moisture content of wood from 27–35-year-old Betula pendula

The Brinell hardness and equilibrium moisture content (EMC) were measured from thinning-aged silver birch wood. Wood material both from the trees harvested in the first commercial thinning and from trees remaining on site after the thinning was included. The average Brinell hardness was 19.40 MPa. It correlated significantly with the basic density of wood. With respect to the distance from the pith, the Brinell hardness of air-dried wood was higher than that of artificially dried wood. The average EMC of the conditioned (20°C, 65% relative humidity) wood was 12.0%. The EMC of the wood also varied, with the EMC being higher for air-dried wood than for kiln-dried wood. EMC was the highest at a distance of 30–40 mm from the pith, decreasing towards both pith and log surface. Seasonal variation in both the Brinell hardness and the EMC of the wood was found. It was presumed to be a consequence of season-dependent physiological changes in trees.     

Hydro-physical responses of gypseous and non-gypseous soils to livestock grazing in a semi-arid region of NE Spain

Pasture productivity depends on soil hydro-physical properties, which in turn are deeply affected by livestock grazing. However, the comparative response of different soil types, and particularly gypseous soil types, to grazing has hardly been studied before. This paper compares the effect of grazing on the soil hydro-physical properties of silty gypseous (Gy) and non-gypseous (NGy) soils located in a semi-arid region (Middle Ebro Valley, NE, Spain). Two different soil managements were selected: ungrazed natural shrubland (N) and grazed shrubland (GR) soils. The gypsum, CaCO₃ and organic matter content (OM), soil texture, soil bulk density (ρ_b), penetration resistance (PR), saturated sorptivity (S), hydraulic conductivity (K), and the water retention curve (WRC) for undisturbed soil samples from 1 to 10 cm depth soil layer were measured. The ρ_b and PR in NGy soils were significantly higher than those observed in the Gy ones. Soil compaction due to grazing treatment tended to increase ρ_b and decrease the K and S values. While no differences in PR were observed in the Gy soils between grazing treatments, the PR measured in the NGy soils under GR was significantly higher than the corresponding values observed under N. Differences in K and S between GR and N treatments were only significant (p < 0.05) in NGy soils, where K and S values under the N treatment were almost four times greater than the corresponding values measured under GR. Overall, no differences in the WRCs were observed between soil types and grazing treatments. While the WRCs of NGy soils were not significantly affected by the grazing treatment, Gy soils under N treatment present a significantly higher level of soil macropores than under GR treatment. The hydro-physical features of Gy soils tended to be less affected by grazing than those of the NGy soils. These results suggest that livestock grazing, in both Gy and NGy soils, has a negative effect on the physical soil properties, which should be taken into account by land managers of these semi-arid regions where silty gypseous and non-gypseous areas coexist.     

油菜种植密度及施肥量对其产量影响

油菜是我国重要的经济作物之一,研究油菜种植密度及施肥对其产量影响以得出合理的密度和施肥量.这对于增加农民收入和我国整体经济有着重要意义.文章以实验统计分析的方法,精确计算出油菜种植的合理密度,并算出合理密度下的精确施肥量,提高了经济作物油菜的产量,这是本文研究的目的所在.