不同蛋白质源对草鱼和花鲈肉质影响的比较研究

本试验旨在比较不同蛋白质源对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)及花鲈(Lateolabrax japonicas)体成分、肌肉游离氨基酸组成及鱼片质构特性的影响。设计草鱼和花鲈饲料各3种,分别等氮等能。3种草鱼试验饲料分别为以鱼粉为唯一蛋白质源的CI-FM组(对照组),以混合植物蛋白质(豆粕和大豆浓缩蛋白)替代80%鱼粉的CI-PPB80组及以混合植物蛋白质替代100%鱼粉的CI-PPB100组。3种花鲈试验饲料分别为以鱼粉为唯一蛋白质源的LJ-FM组(对照组),以混合植物蛋白质(棉籽浓缩蛋白和大豆浓缩蛋白)替代50%鱼粉的LJ-PPB50组和以混合植物蛋白质替代100%鱼粉的LJ-PPB100组。草鱼初始体重为(153.40±0.30)g,随机分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复20尾鱼;花鲈初始体重为(12.97±0.03)g,随机分为3组,每组4个重复,每个重复25尾鱼。饲喂8周后,检测2种试验鱼的体成分、肌肉游离氨基酸含量及鱼片质构特性、剪切力、滴水损失及胶原蛋白含量。结果表明:与CI-FM组相比,CI-PPB100组草鱼肌肉粗脂肪含量显著降低(P0.05),粗灰分含量显著升高(P0.05);而花鲈肌肉粗脂肪含量则随替代水平的升高呈现先上升后下降的趋势,表现为LJ-PPB50组显著高于LJ-PPB100组(P0.05)。草鱼肌肉总游离氨基酸及生物胺前体含量各组间无显著差异(P0.05);随着替代水平的升高,花鲈肌肉总游离氨基酸及呈味氨基酸含量显著降低(P0.05),生物胺前体含量显著升高(P0.05)。2种试验鱼肌肉中存在各自的特异性成分。2种试验鱼生、熟鱼片的质构特性差异较大。草鱼的CI-FM组和花鲈的LJ-FM组生鱼片的硬度、黏性、咀嚼力、回弹力及剪切力均分别显著高于同鱼种的其他2组(P0.05)。对于熟鱼片,草鱼的CI-PPB80组内聚力显著高于其他2组(P0.05),其他各项指标各组间无显著差异(P0.05);花鲈的LJ-PPB100组硬度及黏附性显著高于LJ-FM组(P0.05),其他各项指标各组间无显著差异(P0.05)。根据结果,混合植物蛋白质替代鱼粉后降低了草鱼和花鲈鱼体脂肪的蓄积,对草鱼肌肉总游离氨基酸含量不造成影响,使花鲈肌肉呈味氨基酸含量下降,必需氨基酸含量减少,生物胺前体含量升高,货架期缩短;高植物蛋白质源饲料使得草鱼和花鲈的肉质均出现明显下降,而高鱼粉饲料可以保证2种试验鱼有较高的肉质。     

鲈鱼对7种饲料原料的表观消化率及其对肝脏、肠道组织结构的影响

试验以Cr2O3为指示物,以70%基础饲料和30%的待测饲料原料组成试验饲料,在室内流水养殖系统中,采用虹吸法收集粪便,测定了初始体重为30±2.3 g的鲈鱼Lateolabrax japonicus对白鱼粉、血粉、虾糠、羽毛粉、双低菜粕、高筋粉和米糠中干物质、粗蛋白和能量的表观消化率.试验结果表明,鲈鱼对不同饲料原料的干物质表观消化率为98.71%～41.84%.其中白鱼粉为98.71%,显著高于其他各组(P<0.05).鲈鱼对白鱼粉和米糠的蛋白表观消化率很高,均在98%以上,双低菜粕也较高,为86.86%,血粉、羽毛粉和高筋粉在62.94%～71.08 9,6之间,虾糠仅为45.01%,显著低于其他各组(P<0.05).鲈鱼对不同饲料原料的能量表现消化率为95.24%～65.54%,对白鱼粉和高筋粉在90%以上,对血粉、羽毛粉、双低菜粕和米糠的能量表观消化率在74%以上.进行70 d的饲养实验后,取鲈鱼肝脏和肠道组织制作切片.观察到血粉、羽毛粉、双低菜粕、高筋粉和米糠对鲈鱼肝脏表现出肝损害所致的组织炎症反应、肝细胞水样变性和脂肪变性等病理特征.血粉、羽毛粉、双低菜粕组鲈鱼肠道皱襞出现顶端上皮细胞脱落、炎症细胞浸润等病理症状.     

饲料中不同水解蛋白对鲈鱼(Lateolabrax japonicus)幼鱼鱼体及组织脂肪含量的影响

本研究通过8周的摄食生长实验来探讨高植物蛋白饲料中添加不同类型的水解蛋白对鲈鱼(Lateolabrax japonicus)幼鱼(初始平均体重为31.99 g)鱼体及组织脂肪含量的影响.实验设4个等氮等能的饲料处理组,对照组含有30％的鱼粉,通过在对照组饲料基础上分别添加水解猪血蛋白、水解豆粕蛋白和水解酵母蛋白替代10％的鱼粉来获得不同类型的实验组饲料,即水解猪血蛋白组、水解豆粕蛋白组和水解酵母蛋白组.养殖实验在近海浮式网箱中进行,每组饲料投喂3个重复的养殖网箱,每个网箱30尾鱼.实验结果显示,高植物蛋白饲料中水解猪血蛋白、水解豆粕蛋白及水解酵母蛋白并没有对鲈鱼幼鱼的鱼体、肝脏、肌肉和内脏的脂肪含量产生显著影响.但与对照组相比,添加水解酵母蛋白的处理组显著降低了鲈鱼幼鱼的血清甘油三酯、总胆固醇及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量(P＜0.05).水解酵母蛋白替代鱼粉显著提高了鲈鱼幼鱼肌肉中C20:1n-9的含量,而水解豆粕蛋白和水解酵母蛋白显著降低了肌肉中C22:5n-3的含量(P＜0.05).与对照组相比,水解酵母蛋白显著降低了血清中C20:5n-3的含量(P＜0.05).在腹部脂肪组织中,与对照组相比,猪血、豆粕及酵母蛋白水解物替代鱼粉极显著提高了饱和脂肪酸、十八碳及十六碳单不饱和脂肪酸、亚油酸及亚麻酸的含量,而极显著降低了C20:1n-9、C20:4n-6、C22:5n-3和C22:6n-3的含量(P＜0.01).本研究表明,高植物蛋白饲料中猪血、豆粕及酵母蛋白水解物替代10％的饲料鱼粉并未有效调节鲈鱼幼鱼鱼体、肝脏、肌肉及内脏的脂肪累积,但水解酵母蛋白在一定程度上改善了血清甘油三酯和胆固醇的代谢.水解蛋白对鲈鱼幼鱼脂肪酸组成的调节因水解蛋白的类型及鱼体组织类型而异.本研究是国内外首次系统研究不同类型水解蛋白对养殖鱼类脂肪累积的调节作用,对该领域相关研究具有重要借鉴和参考意义.     

Winter monsoon promotes the transport of Japanese temperate bass Lateolabrax japonicus eggs and larvae toward the innermost part of Tango Bay,the Sea of Japan

Northwesterly cold winds characteristic of the East Asian Winter Monsoon (EAWM) dictate winter climatic conditions over the Japanese Archipelago. Japanese temperate bass Lateolabrax japonicus is a commercially important coastal fish that spawns offshore in winter and uses shallow waters as nursery habitats. To investigate the effects of EAWM on the planktonic period of L. japonicus, eggs, larvae, and juveniles were quantitatively collected in Tango Bay on the Sea of Japan side in winter and spring from 2007 to 2017. Although eggs occurred close to the mouth of the bay, planktonic larvae occurred further inside as they developed. The horizontal distribution of planktonic larvae, combined with water velocity data obtained from mooring observations, indicated that planktonic larvae are transported south‐ to westward through Ekman current and an anticyclonic circulation, which are driven by northwesterly winds. To evaluate survival during the planktonic period in each year class, the abundance of benthic larvae/juveniles was divided by winter total landings of Lateolabrax spp. (proxy of the spawning stock size). This survival index exhibited a positive correlation with the northwesterly component of winter winds, and a negative correlation with winter air temperature (average from December to February, Spearman's correlation, p < .05). There was, however, no significant correlation with winter water temperature or winter freshwater discharge in the bay. We conclude that northwesterly cold winds of EAWM play a critical role in transporting L. japonicus eggs and larvae toward nursery habitats, specifically beaches and estuaries fringing the innermost part of Tango Bay.     

Effects of dietary copper sources on growth,tissue copper accumulation and physiological responses of Japanese sea bass (Lateolabrax japonicus) (Cuvier, 1828) fed semipurified or practical diets

An 8‐week trial was conducted to compare the efficacy of a chelated copper (Cu) with the inorganic Cu (CuSO₄), in the diet of Japanese sea bass (Lateolabrax japonicus). Six diets were prepared based on two basal diets (semi‐purified or practical) at two Cu inclusion levels (0 and 4 mg kg^?1 from or chelated‐Cu), accordingly named as S0, SI4, SM4, P0, PI4 and PM4 respectively. Each diet was fed to quadruplicate groups of Japanese sea bass (initial weight: 65.0 ± 0.03 g) during the trial. Fish fed practical diets had higher feed intake, specific growth rate, protein efficiency rate (PER), liver Cu accumulation, liver Na⁺K⁺‐ATPase and plasma alkaline phosphatase, but lower hepatosomatic index than the groups fed semi‐purified diets (P < 0.05). Higher PER was exhibited by fish fed chelated‐Cu diets than that of fish fed CuSO₄ diets (P < 0.05). Although liver Cu accumulation was significantly higher in fish fed practical diets,, liver Cu content increased significantly with increasing dietary copper levels only in fish fed semipurified diets. Chelated‐Cu has higher efficiency than CuSO₄ when fed in practical diets. Poor growth performance of fish fed semipurified diets might induce underestimating the nutrient requirement of Japanese sea bass.     

外源脂肪酶对花鲈生长性能、体组成、血清生化指标、消化酶活性及营养物质表观消化率的影响

本试验旨在研究低蛋白质高脂肪饲料中添加外源脂肪酶对花鲈生长性能、体组成、血清生化指标、消化酶活性及营养物质表观消化率的影响。试验选取初始体重为(6.26±0.02)g的花鲈600尾,随机分成6组,每组4个重复,每个重复25尾。正对照组(G+组)饲喂高蛋白质低脂肪(41.76%粗蛋白质和8.34%粗脂肪)的正常饲料,对照组(G0组)饲喂低蛋白质高脂肪(37.64%粗蛋白质和11.15%粗脂肪)饲料,试验组(G100、G200、G400和G800组)分别饲喂在低蛋白质高脂肪饲料中添加100、200、400和800 mg/kg脂肪酶的试验饲料。试验期为8周。结果表明:1)与G+组相比,G0组花鲈的终末体重、增重率、摄食量和肝体比均升高(P0.05),脏体比和脂体比显著升高(P0.05),血清总抗氧化能力显著下降(P0.05),干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和总能的表观消化率下降(P0.05),脂肪酸C16∶1-n9和C18∶3-n3的表观消化率显著升高(P0.05)。2)与G0组相比,试验组的终末体重和增重率降低;其中G800组终末体重、增重率显著降低(P0.05),饲料系数显著增加(P0.05),存活率显著下降(P0.05),脏体比和脂体比降低(P0.05),中肠脂肪酶和肝脏蛋白酶活性降低(P0.05),血清胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、甘油三酯含量下降(P0.05);G200组血清谷丙转氨酶活性和丙二醛含量显著下降(P0.05)。由此可见,饲料脂肪可以节约部分蛋白质,低蛋白质高脂肪饲料对花鲈生长性能、体组成和消化酶活性等没有显著影响,但显著提高脏体比和脂体比。在低蛋白质高脂肪饲料中添加脂肪酶,花鲈生长性能有所降低,对消化酶活性及血清生化指标无显著影响,粗脂肪和部分脂肪酸表观消化率下降,但脏体比和脂体比一定程度上降低,机体抗氧化能力增强。     

中国沿海6个花鲈群体的形态差异分析

通过聚类分析、主成分分析和判别分析等多元分析方法,对东港、绥中、秦皇岛、青岛、舟山以及珠海等6个花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)地理群体的8个形态比例性状进行了研究。聚类分析和主成分分析表明,6个花鲈群体可被分为两支:来自黄海、渤海海域的东港、秦皇岛、绥中和青岛群体为一支(北方群体);东海海域的舟山群体和南海海域的珠海群体为另一支(南方群体)。南北群体间有一定程度的形态分化,和舟山群体相比,珠海群体和北方群体的亲缘关系更近。主成分分析获得的3个主成分方差贡献率分别为31.726%、27.744%和14.075%,累计贡献率为73.545%。利用8个变量构建的6个地理种群的判别公式,判别准确率在63.6%~84.4%之间,综合判别准确率72.7%。本研究结果为花鲈地理种群判别、种质资源评价以及良种选育等提供了基础资料。     

Interactive effects of dietary magnesium and vitamin E on growth performance,body composition,blood parameters and antioxidant status in Japanese seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus) fed oxidized oil

A study was conducted to investigate effects and interactions of magnesium (Mg) and vitamin E (VE) on growth performance, body composition, hepatic antioxidant capacity and serum biochemistry parameters of juvenile Japanese seabass Lateolabrax japonicus under oxidative stress condition. Fish (initial average body weight of 6.10 ± 0.20 g) were fed 9 oxidized oil diets supplemented with 3 grade levels of Mg (0, 520 and 1570 mg kg^?1 diet) and VE (0, 60 and 200 mg kg^?1 diet) for 8 weeks in freshwater. The results showed that diets supplemented 520 mg kg^?1 Mg and/or 60 mg kg^?1 VE had highest growth and muscle lipid content. There were highest total superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase activities and lowest malondialdehyde content in liver of fish fed diets supplemented 520 mg kg^?1 Mg and/or 60 mg kg^?1 VE. Contrary to Mg concentrations, Ca concentrations and Ca/Mg ratio in whole body were inversely related to dietary Mg levels. However, combined deficiency or excess of dietary Mg and VE led to the decrease of hepatic antioxidant capacity, body lipid deposition and growth of Japanese seabass under oxidative stress condition.     

温室蔬菜害虫的无公害治理

阐述了温室白粉虱、美洲斑潜蝇、菜蚜、根蛆和茶黄螨等温室蔬菜害虫的发生与为害,并提出了无公害治理措施。     

乌江网箱养殖花鲈体表细菌分离鉴定与感染草鱼试验

利用微生物学常用的细菌分离纯化方法,从患病花鲈体表分离出了5株菌株,分别编号为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ。进行生化试验和细菌16S rRNA 基因序列测定,并将测序结果输入到NCBI（http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/）中,利用BLAST 工具对序列进行同源性对比分析。结果发现,5株细菌中,初步鉴定Ⅰ为野菊微小杆菌,Ⅱ为乙酰微小杆菌,Ⅲ~Ⅳ为巨型球菌,Ⅴ为细菌MM5。用5 株细菌分别感染健康草鱼,发现5株细菌均具有致病性,其中巨型球菌对草鱼的危害较大。