Modelling land use strategies to optimise crop production and protection of ecologically important weed species

There is a need to develop farming systems that enable both a satisfactory level of crop production and suitable environmental conditions for natural species. Wildlife‐friendly cropping techniques, such as a reduced amount of applied herbicide or a lower crop density, might be adopted in order to maintain populations of weed species of biological interest. An alternative might be to adopt an intensive cropping system in a part of the field and spare the other part as set‐aside or field margins, available for the natural development of plant species. The objective of this study was to present a method to compare two strategies for maintaining a desirable level of abundance of a given species of interest in agricultural areas, specifically (i) a strategy based on a wildlife‐friendly cropping system in a large cultivated area and (ii) a strategy based on a more intensive cropping system in a reduced area of cultivation, i.e. with land‐sparing. The principle is to calculate the ratio of crop production obtained with strategy (i) to the production obtained with strategy (ii) for a given target density of natural species. We show that the value of this ratio, and thus the relative performance of the two strategies, depends on the density of the weed species that can be maintained in an uncultivated ecological area. The method is applied in case studies of two plant species with contrasting ecology and conservation goals. The numerical results show that the strategy based on a wildlife‐friendly cropping system is more profitable in most situations.     

Neutral models for testing landscape hypotheses

Neutral landscape models were originally developed to test the hypothesis that human-induced fragmentation produces patterns distinctly different from those associated with random processes. Other uses for neutral models have become apparent, including the development and testing of landscape metrics to characterize landscape pattern. Although metric development proved to be significant, the focus on metrics obscured the need for iterative hypothesis testing fundamental to the advancement of the discipline. We present here an example of an alternative neutral model and hypothesis designed to relate the process of landscape change to observed landscape patterns. The methods and program, QRULE, are described and options for statistical testing outlined. The results show that human fragmentation of landscapes results in a non-random association of land-cover types that can be describe by simple statistical methods. Options for additional landscape studies are discussed and access to QRULE described in the hope that these methods will be employed to advance our understanding of the processes that affect the structure and function in human dominated landscapes.     

寡糖及其在饲料生产中的应用

本文综述了寡糖的概念、种类、作用机理及其在畜牧生产中的应用。结合当前人们逐渐增强的绿色环保意识，提出了开发天然饲料添加剂。     

叶尔羌河流域1990—2010年生态环境变化特征

利用叶尔羌河流域1990、2000年和2010年Landsat-TM影像数据和中巴资源卫星数据,结合GIS技术及生态环境状况指数计算方法,分析流域内1990-2010年流域生态环境变化特征.结果显示:1990-2010年,叶尔羌河流域生物丰度指数、植被覆盖指数和土地退化指数分别减少4.53％、4.00％和3.56％,水网密度指数整体增高了3.71％;1990、2000年和2010年,叶尔羌河流域生态环境状况指数分别为34.94、34.77和34.32,均属于较差级别,受自然和人为因素的双重影响流域生态环境趋于退化.     

土壤水分对夏玉米农田CO2通量和群体水分利用率的影响

利用CO     

Are the number and size of scales in Liolaemus lizards driven by climate?

Ectothermic vertebrates are sensitive to thermal fluctuations in the environments where they occur. To buffer these fluctuations, ectotherms use different strategies, including the integument, which is a barrier that minimizes temperature exchange between the inner body and the surrounding air. In lizards, this barrier is constituted by keratinized scales of variable size, shape and texture, and its main function is protection, water loss avoidance and thermoregulation. The size of scales in lizards has been proposed to vary in relation to climatic gradients; however, it has also been observed that in some groups of Iguanian lizards it could be related to phylogeny. Thus, here, we studied the area and number of scales (dorsal and ventral) of 60 species of Liolaemus lizards distributed in a broad latitudinal and altitudinal gradient to determine the nature of the variation of the scales with climate, and found that the number and size of scales are related to climatic variables, such as temperature and geographical variables as altitude. The evolutionary process that best explained how these morphological variables evolved was the Ornstein‐Uhlenbeck model. The number of scales seemed to be related to common ancestry, whereas dorsal and ventral scale areas seemed to vary as a consequence of ecological traits. In fact, the ventral area is less exposed to climate conditions such as ultraviolet radiation or wind and is, thus, under less pressure to change in response to alterations in external conditions. It is possible that scale ornamentation, such as keels and granulosity, may bring some more information in this regard.     

宜昌夷陵区城郊蔬菜发展现状及对策思考

深入分析了夷陵区城郊蔬菜产业的发展现状,并结合实际情况,对夷陵区城郊蔬菜产业的进一步发展提出了对策建议。     

致病性大肠杆菌苗用菌株的原生质体融合的研究

对筛选的5株大肠杆菌(E2:O2、E6:O78、E7:O8、E9:O9、E22:O138)进行药敏试验以及致病性大肠杆菌原生质的制备、融合和筛选试验。结果表明:①5株大肠杆菌对多种抗菌素存在抗药性,并且这种抗药性能进行培育,同时,在原生质的融合过程中能递进;②大肠杆菌原生质体选择的最佳组合是:溶菌酶2.0 g/L,处理时间是20 m in;③大肠杆菌的融合率在10-8左右,大肠杆菌之间的融合率为10-6左右;共选出3株融合菌株为E2-E6、E6-E7和E2-E22,各融合株的生化特征介于起源菌株的生化特征之间,有2株融合株的抗原特征含原菌株各自的抗原成分。     

控释氮肥和尿素配比对不同品种夏玉米氮素累积、转移及其利用效率的影响

在黄淮海夏玉米生产区,不同控释氮肥和尿素的配比下,研究不同氮效率玉米品种的产量及其花前花后干物质和氮素累积分配规律,以及相应的氮素利用效率与经济效益,为该区域夏玉米氮肥高效施用提供理论与技术依据.试验采用裂区设计,周期为两年,以施氮处理为主区,设置0、180、300 kg·hm-23个施氮水平,并在180 kg·hm-...     

灌溉方法对温室栽培番茄产量及水分利用效率的影响

用温室小区栽培试验的方法,研究滴灌、渗灌、沟灌三种灌溉方法对番茄养分吸收、产量及水分利用效率的影响;结果表明,温室番茄栽培采用渗灌灌溉,在其它条件相同的情况下,1 m3灌溉用水生产出的番茄数量是沟灌的1.9倍、滴灌的1.2倍,滴灌则是沟灌的1.6倍;在番茄生长的整个生育期内,滴灌土壤水吸力平均值最大为24.20 k Pa,渗灌次之为23.11 k Pa,沟灌最小为22.01 k Pa;土壤温度表现出一定差异,但差异相对较小。沟灌处理番茄果实氮素含量高于滴灌和渗灌,而滴灌能够促进番茄的营养器官对氮素的吸收。渗灌和滴灌能有效地调控耕层土壤水分,有利于土壤养分供应,具有明显的节水、增产效果,是理想的设施番茄栽培灌溉模式。