基于耕地质量评价的鄱阳湖区耕地整理规划

区域耕地质量评价是耕地整理的基础工作,为耕地整理专项规划、耕地整理项目设计提供了科学依据。从耕地整理的基本要求出发,选取耕地自然条件和耕地利用条件2个基本因素,土层厚度、土壤质地、土壤有机质、土壤侵蚀、地形坡度、排灌状况、田间道路状况、田块规整度等8个影响因子,建立耕地质量评价指标体系。采用多因素综合评判法将环鄱阳湖区12县(市)的耕地分成4个等级,分析其空间分异特征,并结合各区域耕地质量主要限制因子,提出可行性耕地整理措施,为区域耕地整理宏观控制提供了一种新思路。     

基于WQI法的滴水湖及入湖河道水质研究

选取2018年8月至2019年7月间滴水湖及入湖河道区域水质调查数据及月平均降水量,按照水系特征及土地利用规律将研究范围分为五个区域。采用综合水质标识指数（WQI）法,评价分析水质时空分布规律;将该地区月平均降水量与氨氮和总氮进行比较分析。结果表明,滴水湖及入湖河道的水质具有空间上的差异性,外涟河、中涟河、内涟河、入湖口为“中等”,滴水湖区水质为“良好”,从外涟河到滴水湖区的水质呈现出逐渐变好的状态;和WQI显著相关的水质参数有总氮、氨氮等;降水对氨氮和总氮具有稀释作用。水质季节变化主要影响因子为水温和降水,空间变化主要影响因子为引水水源水质和人类活动。最后,根据该区域水质特征和影响因子,提出了生物治理法、改建雨水排放管道和加强重要指标监测等治理对策。     

竺山湖控藻围隔内浮游植物群落结构的变化特征

为了研究太湖竺山湖生物控藻围隔内生态系统的结构以及放养鲢鳙对富营养化水质改善的效果,于2013年6 ～ 10月对该水域进行5次采样调查,并对浮游植物进行种类鉴定与数量统计,分析了浮游植物的群落结构、优势种和多样性特征.结果表明,共鉴定浮游植物8门71种,绿藻门最多,共26种,其次是硅藻门18种,蓝藻门14种,裸藻门5种,隐藻门3种,甲藻门和金藻门均为2种,黄藻门1种.浮游植物数量为5.83×106～ 1.57×107 ind/L,平均数量为1.05×107 ind/L;生物量的变化范围为0.66 ～2.74 mg/L,平均生物量为1.63 mg/L.多样性指数H为1.40～2.55,平均值为1.82;均匀度指数的变化范围为0.39 ～0.47,平均值为0.43.根据TLI(∑)并结合浮游植物群落结构对水质评价,太湖竺山湖生物控藻围隔内水质属于轻富营养状态.     

太湖流域殷村港沉积物中营养元素及重金属污染特征研究

2012年8月沿殷村港共采集17个样点表层沉积物样品,分析了其中的营养元素及重金属含量。结果表明:殷村港沉积物中TN、TP和TOC含量均值分别为2.11、1.56、27.75 g·kg^-1,沉积物中TOC与TN环境行为近似,说明TN的沉积与有机物的沉积相伴随;C/N及营养元素评价表明殷村港外源污染输入显著,有机氮污染严重;地累积指数评价显示殷村港Cu污染水平处于"中-强"污染等级,其次是Pb及Zn处于中度污染,Cr及Ni基本属于无污染状态。     

太湖不同营养水平湖区沉积物中磷形态的分布特征

应用淡水沉积物磷形态的标准测试方法(SMT),调查了太湖富营养程度不同的5个湖区沉积物中的磷形态分布及其垂向变化特征。结果表明,太湖各湖区沉积物中总磷(TP)和磷形态空间差异性较大,活性组分(Fe/Al-P)分布的差异性要大于活性较差的组分(Ca-P和OP),这与太湖不同湖区水动力条件,污染状况及沉积环境的有关。TP的平均含量为606.6￣1691.8mg·kg-1,高营养程度的北部湖区高于其他湖区。无机磷(IP)是各湖区沉积物中磷的主要成分,占TP的54.7%￣81.0%。在富营养程度高的藻型湖区梅梁湾,Fe/Al-P是磷的主要存在形态(>58.3%),远高于Ca-P(<25%)和OP(<20%);而在水质较好的草型湖区东太湖,则以有机磷(OP)(43%)为主;在中营养的贡湖,各形态磷比例相当。在垂向分布上,各形态磷都有一定的变化规律,但在不同湖区,不同磷形态的变化趋势不同。     

基于TM遥感影像的鄱阳湖湿地分类研究

对覆盖鄱阳湖湿地的LandsatTM遥感影像进行了计算机自动分类技术方法的实验研究,采用了先对遥感影像数据进行非监督分类,在非监督分类的基础上进行人工解译,确定其类别属性,然后将人工解译后的非监督分类的分类属性表经过光谱聚类处理转化成适用于监督分类的分类模板文件,再执行监督分类的方法,有效地提高了湿地遥感影像分类的精度。     

连续降雨后太湖流域典型农田土地利用方式下土壤至入湖河流水体细菌群落的变化

研究以太湖区域中林地、桃园、稻田以及链接这些典型土地的河流共8个点为取样地,借助16S rRNA扩增子高通量测序和分析技术,基于Illumina HiSeq测序平台,利用双末端测序的方法得到1 865 862条原始序列,通过对原始序列进行拼接、过滤,得到1 712 497条有效序列,按照97%相似性将优质序列划分为95 132 条可操作分类单元（OTU, operational taxonomic units） ,同时基于OTUs 信息计算Alpha 和Beta 群落丰富度和多样性指数,并采用RDP Classifier结合GreenGene数据库对代表性OTU 序列进行注释。在OTU聚类信息、群落多样性指数及组间差异性物种统计方面,分析了明显连续降雨后监测的细菌群落从农田到河流连续地变化规律。结果表明,森林景观带、稻田、桃园土壤细菌种群多样性明显比河流水体中丰富,说明陆源微生物在迁移过程中发生了适应特定生境的变化。Acidobacteria门在森林景观带、水稻田、桃园中表现出较高的丰度,Proteobacteria门在河流中展现出更大的种群优势。Nitrospirae门是一类具有硝化作用的细菌,在水稻田中显示较高的优势。Yersinia属、Flavobacterium属、Aeromonas属、Pseudomonas属、Acinetobacter属是具有传播水生动物、人畜流行疾病能力的种群,并且在河流中具有较高丰度,应当引起注意。Sphaerotilus属对污水中的有机物和有毒物质有很强的降解作用,在河流中的丰度高于土壤。Sphingomonas属、Arthrobacter属、Thiobacillus属能够降解除草剂、农药等有机污染物,在桃园和稻田中表现出较高丰度,具有环境修复价值。本文为系统掌握太湖流域果园和水稻田土壤细菌群落结构的差异特征,以及土壤微生物群落从农田系统到河流的变化规律提供了理论依据,提示该区域农业从事者应当从经济、生态和健康方面综合考虑土地利用方式。     

对鄱阳湖生态经济区高效生态农业区划探析(英文)

将鄱阳湖生态经济区高效生态农业区划为3个不同的区域。筛选出人均耕地、森林覆盖率、秸秆综合利用率、有效灌溉面积占耕地比重、单位耕地面积农药使用量、种植业产值比、林果业产值比、畜牧业产值比、渔业产值比、粮食作物播种面积比重、油料播种面积比重和蔬菜播种面积比重等12项指标构成高效生态农业区划指标体系。整理得到3个区域高效生态农业区划指标平均值,并结合各区生态农业自然资源特点和高效生态农业的发展要求,对3个区域的高效生态农业建设发展方向进行了分析。     

太湖地区典型水稻土中速效磷变化规律研究

为了定量研究太湖地区农田土壤中速效磷的变化情况,本文对不同季节太湖地区三种典型水稻土(白土、黄泥土和乌栅土)中土壤速效磷的含量进行了分析。结果表明:速效磷含量在土壤剖面中由上层到下层呈现逐渐递减的趋势。三种土壤均以耕层含量为最高,在45cm以下基本上趋于稳定,但在接近地下水时又略有上升。季节性变化方面,速效磷含量一般在2月份的小麦分蘖-拔节期和9月份的水稻齐穗期较高。影响土壤速效磷含量的因素很多,经分析:土壤速效磷的含量与土壤的有机质含量呈极显著的线性正相关关系;旱作条件下与全磷含量之间呈显著的幂函数相关关系,在水作条件下与全磷含量之间呈极显著的线性正相关关系;与土壤的pH又有显著的线性负相关关系。     

Partitioning characteristics of PAHs between sediment and water in a shallow lake

Goal, Scope and Background

Distribution of hydrophobic organic contaminants in abiotic compartments is essential for describing their transfer and fate in aquatic ecosystems. Taihu Lake is the third largest freshwater lake in China. Water quality of Taihu Lake has deteriorated greatly during the last decades and has threatened the water supply. The aim of the present study was to investigate the partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) among overlying water, suspended particulate matter (SPM), sediments, and pore water in Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake and to provide useful information for the ecological engineering in this area.

Materials and Methods

Overlying water and surface sediment were sampled from six sites in Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake, China. Within 72 h of sampling, sediments were centrifuged to obtain the pore water. Overlying water samples were filtered to separate dissolved and SPM samples. After extraction, samples were purified following a clean-up procedure. PAH fraction was obtained by elution with a mixture of hexane: DCM (7:3, V/V) and analyzed by GC/MS.

Results

PAHs concentrations in overlying water varied from 37.5 ng/L to 183.5 ng/L. Concentrations of PAHs in pore water were higher than those in overlying water. The total concentrations of 16 priority PAHs in sediments ranged from 2091.8 ng/g-dw to 4094.4 ng/g-dw. PAHs concentrations on SPM were decreased with suspended solid concentrations (SSC). Total PAHs concentrations on SPM varied in the range of 3369.6 ng/g-dw to 7531.1 ng/g-dw. The partition coefficients between sediment and overlying water (log K _oc) for PAHs with log K _ow<5 were positively correlated with their octanol-water partition coefficients (log K _ow) (n=39, r=0.79, p<0.0001). Partition coefficients between sediment and pore water (log K _oc′) for all PAHs were also significantly correlated with their log K _ow values (n=48, r=0.82, p<0.0001).

Discussion

In general, PAHs derived from combustion sources tend to bind strongly to soot particles in natural sediment. Consequentially, K _oc values observed in the natural environment could be orders of magnitude higher than those predicted by linear correlation relationships under laboratory conditions. In the present study, the ratio of log K _oc values to log K _ow values falls consistently above 1, indicating that the sediment soot carbon in the bay was more attractive for PAHs than n-octanol. The log K _oc′ was also higher than that predicted under laboratory conditions, suggesting that the measured pore water PAH concentrations were lower than those predicted. That is to say, not all the sediment PAHs can be available to partition rapidly into sediment pore waters. A variation in soot content is a possible reason. Furthermore, concentrations of PAHs on SPM were higher than those in sediments. The compositions of PAHs on SPM and in sediments were similar, indicating the importance of re-suspension process of sediments in the partitioning process of the shallow lake.

Conclusions

The results indicated the equilibrium partitioning model could be used to predict PAHs distribution in various phases of a shallow lake in the stagnation period, but re-suspension processes should be considered to modify the relationship between log K _ocs and log K _ows.

Recommendations and Perspectives

Concentration, particle size and composition of resuspended particles could affect the relationship between log K _ocs and log K _ows. Further work should be done under field conditions, especially where a steady thermodynamic equilibrium state could be assumed.