Crosses between two subspecies of bay scallop Argopecten irradians and heterosis for yield traits at harvest

In order to improve the yield of bay scallop Argopecten irradians by exploiting geographic subspecies heterosis, crosses between and within two subspecies, the northern A. i. irradians (Lamarck) and the southern A. i. concentricus (Say), were created and the offspring were cultured under the same environmental conditions. The two parental populations were collected from Bohai Bay in northern China and Beibu Bay in southern China, which were distinct in particular shell colours. The results indicated that the shell colour of bay scallop was inheritable and could be used as a morphological mark to distinguish hybrid and purebred individuals. At harvest, hybrid offspring always produced a significantly higher yield than purebred offspring. Positive heterosis was achieved for shell length, shell height, shell width, total weight and adductor weight, which was 5.02, 5.22, 3.88, 7.53 and 9.47 respectively. Hybrid gain was 10.86% for shell length, 10.48% for shell height, 9.77% for shell width, 34.90% for total weight and 41.69% for adductor weight, respectively, and all were significantly >5%. The present study reveals that it is effective for improving yield by hybridization between different geographic subspecies in the bay scallop.     

Effect of emerged shipment on the physiological condition of the adductor muscle in adult giant lion's paw scallop Nodipecten subnodosus (Sowerby 1835)

Currently, there is an increasing interest in shipping live adult scallops to markets and broodstock to hatcheries; nevertheless, information about the shipping effect on live scallops physiology is very scarce. In a previous study, a method in emersion was developed to ship scallop seed out of water, but it was not known whether this method is useful to transport adult organisms. As a consequence, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of transportation by the emersion method on the physiological status of the adductor muscle of adult giant lion's paw scallop. Live specimens were packaged in a container and transported in emersion for 11 h. Six scallops were frozen in a farm and a similar number were frozen as soon as they arrived to the laboratory. Physiological indices were determined in each lot and the survival was estimated 24 h after re‐immersion. As a result of the transportation, a significant loss (P<0.05) of total carbohydrates, glycogen, adenosine 5′‐triphosphate and adenilated energetic charge, and a significant increase (P<0.05) in the free amino acids concentration were observed. Eighty‐eight per cent survival was achieved; therefore, we conclude that this method is appropriate for shipping live adult scallops of Nodipecten subnodosus.     

Recruitment of catarina scallop (Argopecten ventricosus) larvae on artificial collectors off the NE coast of the Gulf of California

We evaluated recruitment of larvae of catarina scallop, Argopecten ventricosus, in the area of Puerto Peñasco, NE Gulf of California. We moored artificial collectors in six sites from June 2007 to August 2008 and replaced them every 2 months. We used monthly (July 2002–September 2011) sea surface temperature (SST, °C) and surface chlorophyll‐a concentration (SSChl, mg m^?3) Aqua/MODIS satellite data to describe seasonal environmental behaviour study area. Also, we recorded bottom temperature at each site every 4 h, and every 2 months measured sea surface salinity, temperature and dissolved oxygen. We used a repeated measures anova to evaluate differences in the number of recruited spat between main factors, and analysed the presence of multimodal spat shell size frequency distributions. Overall, spat recruitment was negatively correlated with seawater temperature and showed higher spat recruitment abundances throughout winter, which is the season with the highest surface chlorophyll a concentration. We estimated multimodal shell size frequency distributions characterized by more than one modal size. The natural collection of A. ventricosus spat on artificial collectors in the area can be successfully performed over a protracted period (November–December to May–June). Our results extend the area where collection of A. ventricosus spat can be successful.     

Limaria hians (Mollusca: Limacea): a neglected reef‐forming keystone species

1. The case is made for recognition of the marine bivalve Limaria hians as a reef‐forming species, which plays a key architectural role in certain benthic communities around the United Kingdom and Ireland. 2. This species uses byssal threads to construct nests that can coalesce to form reefs that cover hectares of seabed, contain multiple conspecifics and bind sediment. In so doing, L. hians modifies physical, chemical and biological processes at the sediment–water interface. 3. Such nests support a high diversity of associated organisms in coarse‐grade sediments (19 species of algae and 265 species of invertebrates from six discrete nests in Loch Fyne are reported on), although the biological interactions between species both inside and outside this assemblage (e.g. predatory cod) are unknown. 4. Being insubstantial, labyrinthine structures situated on the sediment surface, Limaria nests are sensitive to mechanical impacts, such as those caused by moorings, hydraulic dredging for infaunal bivalves and scallop dredging. 5. At appropriate sites, the status of L. hians can contribute a useful indication of disturbance on coarse‐grade sediments. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Quantitative analysis of pattern of gonial proliferation during sexual maturation in Japanese scallop <Emphasis Type="Italic">Patinopecten yessoensis</Emphasis>

ABSTRACT:   This study was undertaken to describe and quantitatively analyze the pattern of development of gametes in the Japanese scallop Patinopecten yessoensis . Incorporation of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) into gonial cells was used to quantitatively detect mitotically active gonial cells. Oogonia increased in number from November to December and decreased rapidly to March. A small number of oocytes was detected in November. Oocytes steadily increased in number and size up to March. The number of spermatogonia slightly increased from November to December, and increased markedly from January to March. Both ratios of BrdU-immunopositive gonial cells in the ovary and testis to gonial cells moderately increased from September to December. The ratio of BrdU-immunopositive spermatogonia to gonial cells drastically increased from January to February and kept an elevated level in March, whereas the oogonia started to disappear in January. The results suggest that the pattern of proliferation of gonial cells can be divided into two phases: (i) phase I, oogonia and spermatogonia slowly proliferate through the growing stage; and (ii) phase II, oogonia develop into oocytes and spermatogonia begin to proliferate rapidly through the mature and spawning stages. The proliferation of gonial cells is likely under different endocrine controls in phases I and II.     

外来入侵杂草——假臭草

假臭草[Praxelis clematidea(Grisebach)King et Robinson]属于菊科(Compositae/Asteraceae)植物,原产南美,现入侵亚洲和大洋州等地,入侵各种生境后对生态系统生物多样性及其农业生产造成严重影响,属于区域性恶性杂草。本文介绍和评述了假臭草的植物学特征及分布、主要危害、研究现状、管理对策和防除措施等,并建议积极开展假臭草入侵机制的研究。     

桂林靖江王城片区景观控制研究

以桂林靖江王城片区为例,阐述景观控制的研究,并试提出桂林靖江王城片区历史景观控制的基本框架。     

利用HPLC法测定王草青贮饲料中的有机酸

建立并优化了测定王草青贮饲料中乳酸(LA)、乙酸(AA)、丙酸(PA)、丁酸(BA)的高效液相色谱检测方法.采用20 mmol/L NaH2PO4/H3PO4(pH2.65)-甲醇二元梯度洗脱程序在高效液相色谱-紫外检测器上完成4种有机酸的定性定量分析.结果表明,4种有机酸在0.015～2.25 mg/mL范围内的线性关系较好,相关系数R2≥0.999 4,精密度、稳定性的RSD均小于5％,样品回收率在88.44％～114.51％,LA、AA、PA、BA的检出限分别是1.40、3.31、3.57、5.23 μg/L.该方法简单、准确、重复性好,可用于王草青贮饲料中有机酸测定.     

云南铁壳麦籽粒硬度及其单粒硬度的频率分布

为了明确云南铁壳麦亚种在小麦品质改良中的作用,用单籽粒谷糖硬度测定仪对36份云南铁壳麦的籽粒硬度及其单籽粒硬度的频率分布进行了分析.结果表明,云南铁壳麦籽粒硬度变幅为7.3±15.9～70.9±19.6,其中硬质麦31份(1级17份、2级14份)、混合麦2份(2级1份,3级1份)、软质麦3份(均为5级),硬质、混合和软质麦类型比例分别为86.1%、5.6%和8.3%;硬质类型云南铁壳麦的平均硬度为62.0,没有极硬的类型;有2份临沧铁壳麦(A14,A21)属极软类型.籽粒硬度的分类与不同硬度范围单籽粒频率分布及硬度均值有关,硬质云南铁壳麦硬度低于46的籽粒占5%～20%,高于47的籽粒比例为74%～95%,硬度均值55.7±14.0～70.9±19.6,绝大部分一致性较好;2份混合型云南铁壳麦(云0005、云0007)硬度指数低于46的籽粒分别占29%和30%,高于47的籽粒分别占70%和71%,硬度值为53.7±17.2和55.7±17.8,一致性最差;软质麦硬度指数低于46的籽粒占98%～100%,高于47的籽粒占0～2%,硬度均值为7.3±15.9～16.6±13.5,一致性最好.籽粒硬度分析表明,云南铁壳麦中既具有加工优质面条、馒头等所需的硬度等级,又具有软质小麦改良的亲本材料.