Inheritance of shell colours in the noble scallop Chlamys nobilis (Bivalve: Pectinidae)

The noble scallop Chlamys nobilis is polymorphic in its shell colour, which includes orange, orange‐purple, purple and brown. In this study, the inheritance of shell colours of this species was investigated by analysing shell colour segregation in juvenile scallops produced from cross‐fertilization. Totally, twenty two families derived from four types of parental crosses were produced. The results clearly demonstrated that shell colour in this species was consistently inherited but insensitive to the environmental factors given that each family was maintained in a common environment. The pattern of the four superficial shell colours in C. nobilis appears to be genetically controlled by the interaction of one pair of nonallelic genes, with one locus showing dominance epistasis to the other one. One‐locus‐three‐allele model was proposed to explain the genetic relationship of the orange‐purple colour dominant to the purple and brown colours, and the purple colour dominant to the brown colour. While the phenotypic ratio of 12:3:1 detected in one specific family showed that the dominant allele of the other locus controlling orange colour may mask the effect of the locus controlling orange‐purple, purple and brown colours. The present results provide a genetic basis for selective breeding in the noble scallop in terms of shell colour.     

Responses of scallop biodeposits to bioturbation by a deposit‐feeder Apostichopus japonicus (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea): does the holothurian density matter?

The deposit‐feeding holothurians can reduce the negative impact of bivalve farming by feeding and reworking bivalve wastes (biodeposits) in the context of co‐culture. To test effects of the bioturbation by holothurians of different densities on bivalve wastes, a stocking density regime of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (35.4 ± 1.2 g, mean ± SE) was set at 0.0, 6.6, 13.2 ind m^?2, and responses of the biotic parameters including chlorophyll a concentration (Chl. a), bacterial biomass and the abiotic ones as oxidation‐reduction potential (ORP), organic matter (OM), organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN) and organic phosphorus (OP) in biodeposits discharged by Japanese scallop Patinopecten yessoensis were investigated. Results showed that A. japonicus grew in a density‐dependent manner, and the density‐dependent effect on both biotic and abiotic parameters in biodeposits were also observed. Apostichopus japonicus stimulated a transfer process from reduction to weak reduction state of the biodeposits with a trend of higher density holothurians stimulating the process more. Furthermore, A. japonicus significantly controlled the bacterial abundance and Chl. a, as well as reducing the contents of OM, OC, TN and OP in the biodeposits. Yet, the response of abiotic parameters delayed rather than that of biotic parameters, underling the biotic parameters could be more sensitive to bioturbation than the abiotic ones. Our study suggests that the bioturbation of A. japonicus plays an important role in retarding organic waste accumulation and cleansing nutrients in bivalve farming wastes under co‐culture condition and the bioremediation capacity may be closely dependent on its stocking density in practice.     

不同贮藏温度对王草青贮发酵品质的影响

本试验旨在研究不同贮藏温度对王草青贮品质的影响,选用热带牧草王草为青贮原料,用塑料瓶青贮并在25、30和35℃条件下贮藏30 d,测定王草青贮品质。结果表明,不同贮藏温度对王草青贮饲料的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)及水溶性碳水化合物(WSC)含量均无显著影响(P>0.05);30℃处理能显著降低王草青贮饲料的pH及氨态氮/总氮(P<0.05),V-Score评分等级为优,具有较好的青贮发酵品质;25和35℃处理下pH及氨态氮/总氮、丁酸含量较高(P<0.05),V-Score评分等级为差,青贮发酵品质较差。综上所述,不同贮藏温度可影响王草青贮品质,其中30℃较25和35℃更有利于王草青贮。     

热研4号王草对不同有机磷活化利用能力的评价

本研究以热研4号王草(Pennisetum purpureum×P. glaucum cv. Reyan No. 4)为材料,通过砂培试验评价其对4种有机磷的利用能力。结果表明,王草对三磷酸腺苷(ATP)、二磷酸腺苷(ADP)、一磷酸腺苷(AMP)和6-磷酸葡萄糖(G6P)均具有利用能力,且对磷酸单酯类(AMP和G6P)的利用能力更强。酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性分析表明,有机磷处理使王草根系内源与分泌的总ACP活性显著增加0.9倍以上,但王草对有机磷的利用能力与根系总ACP活性无相关性。进一步分析发现,王草根系分泌特异ACP活性与不同有机磷处理的植株干重显著正相关,相关系数R^2=0.861。综上所述,本研究发现王草对不同类型有机磷的利用能力主要由其根系分泌的特异ACP活性决定。研究结果可为选育磷高效热带牧草品种提供理论依据。     

Effect of Pseudomonas putida and inorganic fertilizer on growth and productivity of habanero pepper (Capsicum Chinense Jacq.) in greenhouse

The habanero pepper is widely used in a variety of commercial food products. The increase in the cultivation area of the habanero pepper has increased the use of agricultural inputs, mainly inorganic fertilizers, which have high economic costs and cause negative effects to the soil and water. In recent years, the use of beneficial soil microorganisms has been studied as an alternative to inorganic fertilizers. In the present study, the effect of three strains of Pseudomonas putida on the growth and productivity of King Pakal hybrid habanero pepper with limited inorganic fertilizer in a greenhouse. It was found that a reduction of inorganic fertilizer application of 25% with P. putida rhizobacteria strains increased or maintained growth and productivity of King Pakal hybrid habanero pepper. Before these rhizobacteria can be used in the field, results will first need to be confirmed under more natural conditions.     

Influence of season, initial size, depth, gear type and stocking density on the growth rates and recovery of sea scallop, Placopecten magellancius, on a farm-based nursery

Hatchery-reared sea scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) spat weremonitored for growth and recovery in three experiments to determine themost suitable system for nursery culture. In Experiment I, four size classesof nursery-sized spat held at two depths from October to July exhibiteddeclining growth rates over the winter period and increased growth ratesin the spring. Overall, season, depth and initial size had a significantinfluence on the absolute and specific growth rates of scallops. Recovery,defined as number of scallops remaining after mortality and loss of spatthrough gear mesh, was influenced by season and initial size, but notdepth. Scallops in the 3.0 mm⁺ size class had higher growth rates andrecovery than those in the 1.4–1.6 mm, 1.7–1.9 mm and 2.0–2.9 mm sizeclasses. In Experiment II, two gear types containing similar size spat werecompared. Growth rates were significantly higher in 3.0 mm pearl nets thanin 3.0 mm collector bags, although recovery was similar between the twoequipment types. Experiment III, two stocking densities of nursery-sizedspat were compared in collector bags. Neither growth rate nor recoverywere significantly different for the two densities (2600 and 5200spat/collector bag) tested. Overall, these studies indicated that importantparameters for optimizing the growth and recovery of scallops in a farm-based nursery system include season, initial spat size, deployment depthand gear type.     

不同pH对海湾扇贝胚胎发育及幼虫生长发育的影响

为探究pH对海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradia)胚胎发育及幼虫生长发育的影响,本研究以pH 8.0~8.2为对照组,分析不同pH (分别为7.6~7.7、7.3~7.4、7.0~7.1和6.7~6.8)对海湾扇贝胚胎及幼虫的影响。结果显示,随着pH的降低,各实验组孵化率降低,畸形率增高,孵化时间延长,且幼虫个体明显小于对照组(P<0.05)。D形幼虫期与壳顶幼虫期幼虫存活率与生长速率均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。幼虫发育至第8天时,pH 7.0~7.1与pH 6.7~6.8实验组的存活率分别为6.1%和5.6%,而对照组为75.2%,除pH 7.6~7.7组外,各实验组生长速率均在3.4 μm/d及以下,基本呈现生长停滞状态。眼点幼虫附着率与对照组差异显著(P<0.05),第7天时,pH 6.7~6.8实验组附着率仅为31.7%。研究表明,海水pH变化对海湾扇贝早期胚胎及幼虫生长发育具有显著影响,该研究为评估pH变化对海湾扇贝等经济贝类资源和养殖产业的影响提供了参考资料。     

海湾扇贝亲贝、幼虫和稚贝对二氧化氯耐受性的研究

为确定二氧化氯对海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians)亲贝、幼虫和稚贝的安全用量范围,本实验研究海湾扇贝亲贝、D型幼虫、眼点幼虫和稚贝对不同浓度二氧化氯的耐受性。按照亲贝、D型幼虫、眼点幼虫和稚贝的先后顺序进行4个独立实验,每实验设6个不同的二氧化氯浓度,每浓度设三个重复,每实验持续时间为24 h,分别在12 h和24 h测定二氧化氯对亲贝和幼虫死亡率的影响。结果表明,海湾扇贝亲贝、D型幼虫、眼点幼虫和稚贝对二氧化氯均具有较强的耐受性,其安全浓度分别为20 mg/L、5 mg/L、10 mg/L和10 mg/L。     

微波真空与热风组合干燥扇贝柱的研究

利用不同的微波真空和热风组合方式对扇贝柱进行干燥试验研究,并与单纯微波真空干燥及单纯热风干燥进行比较,研究结果表明,利用微波真空+热风+微波真空的组合干燥方式进行扇贝柱的干燥,所需干燥时间比单纯热风干燥缩短50%以上,干燥扇贝柱的收缩率和复水率比单纯微波真空干燥均有不同程度的改善,抗破碎能力明显优于热风干燥。在微波功率和真空度分别为3 W/g和0.090 MPa、热风干燥温度为70℃的条件下,利用MV5(min)+AD120(min)+MV和MV5(min)+AD180(min)+MV两种组合干燥方法,所得干燥扇贝柱的10 min复水率和20 min复水率分别达到42.19%、89.85%和83.2%、106.5%,收缩率减小到49.43%和53.71%,干燥扇贝柱具有良好的感官品质(色泽嫩黄、表面无缝隙、形状保持完好等)和适中疏密程度的组织结构,是较优的扇贝柱干燥参数组合。     

成膜预处理提高扇贝柱超声波辅助热泵干燥效率及品质

热泵干燥（Heat Pump Drying,HPD）因条件温和、能效高,特别适用于水产品的干燥。但是,由于HPD温度低,导致干燥时间长、干制品品质劣变严重,限制了HPD在水产品中的应用。为了强化扇贝柱HPD效率,提高干制品品质,该研究首先采用超声波（Ultrasonic,US）预处理扇贝柱,然后再分别采用3种可食性膜（海藻酸钠（Sodium Alginate,SA）,低甲氧基果胶（Low-Methoxy Pectin,LMP）和印度树胶（Gum Ghatti,GG））预处理,US处理后未经过成膜预处理的扇贝柱作为对照组（Control Group,CK）,探究成膜预处理对扇贝柱US辅助HPD动力学及品质特性的影响。基于低场核磁共振（Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance,LF-NMR）技术,采用单变量线性（Univariate Linear,UL）模型和偏最小二乘回归（Partial Least Squares Regression,PLSR）模型量化扇贝柱LF-NMR弛豫参数与干制品含水率（Moisture Content,MC）和水分活度（Water Activity）的关系,以期监测扇贝柱HPD进程。研究结果表明：相比于CK,成膜预处理导致扇贝柱有效水分扩散系数（Effective Moisture Diffusivity）提高了1.32%～8.41%。SA和GG成膜预处理可以减缓扇贝柱干燥过程中不易流动水向结合水迁移的速率,同时增加了干燥过程中自由水的流动性,进而强化了干燥效率。相比于CK,SA和GG成膜预处理增加了扇贝柱硬度、弹性、内聚性和咀嚼性,降低了复水比、收缩率和总色差值;而LMP成膜预处理降低了硬度和总色差值。综合考虑,US-SA为扇贝柱US辅助HPD较适合的预处理方式。LF-NMR横向弛豫时间与大部分干制品品质之间具有显著（P<0.05）关联性。扇贝柱LF-NMR图谱中,当横向弛豫时间主峰<10 ms时,而且仅出现1个主峰,即可作为扇贝柱干燥终点。UL模型表明,MC和水分活度与不易流动水峰面积和总峰面积呈显著（P<0.05）正相关,与结合水峰面积呈显著（P<0.05）负相关。PLSR模型表明,以4个LF-NMR参数为变量的回归模型可高精度地预测MC和水分活度。该研究为扇贝柱热泵干燥增效、保质提供一种新型非热力预处理方式;同时,基于LF-NMR技术,为快速、无损监测扇贝柱热泵干燥进程提供理论依据和实践参考。